• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.319-331
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to develop Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan applicable to cook/chilled Pork Bulkogi (broiled sliced pork with sauces) in school foodservice operations and to establish reasonable shelf-life limits by assessing food quality during chilled storage period of 5 days. During the product flow, time-temperature profile was recorded and microbiological analyses including mesophilic and psychrotrophic total plate counts, coliform, and fecal coliform and qualitative analyses of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were done. Chemical analyses (pH, acid value, total volatile basic nitrogen), sensory evaluation, and quantitative analysis of thiamin were conducted for 5 days of chilled storage. The number of mesophiles in raw pork ($4.26{\pm}0.11\;Log\;CFU/g$), seasoning mixture ($5.97{\pm}O.04\;Log\;CFU/g$) and marinated pork ($5.56{\pm}0.21\;Log\;CFU/g$) were below the microbial standards for "requires further cooking" food items. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in seasoning mixture. After heating, the number of mesophiles ($5.17{\pm}0.04\;Log\;CFU/g$) were slightly reduced but it did not meet the microbial guidelines of $5\;Log\;CFU/g$ for "ready-to-eat" foods. No other microbes including pathogens were detected. By reheating the menu item after chilled storage, the number of mesophiles were reduced in every phase of 1st day ($4.62{\pm}0.22\;Log\;CFU/g$), 3rd day ($4.55{\pm}0.20\;Log\;CFU/g$) and 5th day ($4.25{\pm}0.16\;Log\;CFU/g$) of chilled storage, and the number of microbes was below the standard limits for "ready-to-eat" foods. At the fifth day of chilled storage, pH (p<0.05), acid value (p<0.01) and TVBN (p<0.05) showed significant increases. Sensory evaluation results did not show any significant change for 5 days of chilled storage. Thiamin content showed a decrease for 5 days of chilled storage. Consequently, the ideal shelflife recommended for Pork Bulkogi was within 3 days of chilled storage. CCPs for Pork Bulkogi were purchasing and receiving of raw meat and some seasoning ingredients, heating, chilling, chilled storage, reheating, and distribution.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2006

Remarkable winter season warming has been observed in East Asian countries during the last century. Accordingly, significant effects on dormancy and the resulting budburst of deciduous trees are expected. However phenological observations are rare and insufficient compared with the long-time climate records in the same region. A chill-day accumulation, which can be estimated from daily maximum and minimum temperature, is expected to make a reasonable proxy for dormancy depth of temperate zone fruit trees. To simulate dormancy depth during 1921-2004, a chill-day model parameterized for 'Campbell Early' grapevine, which is the major cultivar grown virtually anywhere in South Korea, was applied to daily temperature data at 8 locations in South Korea. The calculations showed that the chilling requirement for breaking endo-dormancy of this grapevine cultivar can be satisfied by mid-January to late February in South Korea, and the date was delayed going either northward or southward from the 'Daegu-Jeonju' line crossing the middle of South Korea in the east-west direction. Maximum length of the cold tolerant period (the number of days between endo-dormancy release and forced dormancy release) showed the same spatial pattern. When we divide the 83 years into 3 periods (I: 1921-1950, II: 1951-1980, and III: 1981-2004) and get the average of each period, dormancy release date of period III was accelerated by as much as 15 days compared with that of period I at all locations except Jeju (located in the southernmost island with subtropical climate) where an average15-day delay was predicted. The cold- tolerant period was also shortened at 6 out of 8 locations. As a result, budburst of 'Campbell Early' in spring was accelerated by 6 to 10 days at most locations, while inter-annual variation in budburst dates was increased at all locations. The earlier budburst after the 1970s was due to (1) warming in winter resulting in earlier dormancy release (Incheon, Mokpo, Gangneung, and Jeonju), (2) warming in early spring accelerating regrowth after breaking dormancy (Busan and Jeju), and (3) both of them (Seoul and Daegu).

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2003

This study was examined for characteristics of acupuncture of LU10 on the abdominal thermography of health subject. The volunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 20 - 30 mins in room temperature $(23-25^{\circ}C)$ before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking, drinking and administration of drug for the previous day. The thermography of abdomen including a below part of the chest was taken using Infra-Red Imaging System (IR 2000, MEDI-CORE Co., Korea) by time interval of 15 minutes at 15 min before, just before and 15 min after, 30 min after and 45 min after acupuncture stimulation. Acupuncture was applied to both LU10 for 30 mins. The results showed that acupuncture of LU10 for 30 mins had more potencies of changes on all the ROIs of abdominal thermography than those of control group. Also, those responses were significantly clear at the A1, A3, A6, A7 and A9 areas. It was observed that the quantities of thermal changes following acupuncture of LU10 been increased significantly comparing that of control group at the all ROIs (region of interest). These effects have more potencies at the upper (A1 and A2) and below (A7, A8, A9) abdominal areas than midline ones (A4, A5, and A6). These results suggest that acupuncture of LU10 having the characteristics of controls of chill and fever (寒熱) may modulate thermal distributions and changes of abdominal areas including the below of chest.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to find preferred climate condition for outdoor water activity and to estimate future change of preferred season for the activity following the climate change. We chose urban public swimming pools, Hangang park swimming pools, which do not have any attractions except pools and allow people to make decision to visit pools in the morning solely based on the weather conditions as study sites. We identified the preferred climate conditions by analyzing the relationship between number of visitors and temperature, wind chill temperature and discomfort indexes. According to the result, the preferred temperature range was from $23.51^{\circ}C$ to $37.56^{\circ}C$, the wind chill temperature range was from $25.90^{\circ}C$ to $39.43^{\circ}C$, the discomfort index range was from 71.61 to 88.98 and the precipitation range was below 22.8 mm per day. When the temperature range is applied as the preferred season, in present, the length of the season is 127 days, from end of May to end of September. However, if temperature increase resulting from lower emission scenario (RCP 6.0), the season would be extended to 162 days, from early May to middle of October. If temperature is increasing under high emission scenario (RCP 8.5), the length of the season would be extended to 173 days from early May to end of October. In addition, the period of between end of July and early August, which is currently the most preferred season, would not be favored anymore due to high temperature. The result of this study further suggests the necessity of climate change adaptation activities.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

Sound nutrition is the basic foundation for the health of a population. Proper nutrition education through the school system can actualize the building of sound nutrition being provided at school lunch programs along with nutrition education can have far reaching impact to the health of the whole nation. In Hong Kong, the recent change over from a half day to full day school program signaled the need for a school lunch program. However, there has been no organized effort so far in Hong Kong to provide such service. School lunches are being provided by caterers who are more concerned about profits than food safetly. Alarming rates of food poisoning occurring recently in Taiwan school has further accentuated the importance of fool safety. With the advent of centralized food production technologies, Dietirians can apply their nutrition knowledge and integrate with food production processes such that safe, healthy and nutritious mcals can be produced in large quantities in a cost-effective manner serving he needs of the school children. This paper introduces the centralized food production concept, using some of the cool chill production centers for school lunch programs in the United States as examples to discuss how new technologies and management system can be integrated to yield the best outcome in food quality and safety.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 2016

Objectives: This paper aims to report the effects of Korean medical treatment on a patient who underwent abdominal surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Methods: An ovarian cancer patient underwent abdominal surgery and got Korean medical treatment during 7-day hospitalization. About 2 years later, with metastasis to the lymph nodes detected, she had abdominal surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and got Korean medical treatment during 10-day hospitalization. The treatment included herbal medicine and acupuncture. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of symptoms was measured every morning. Results: After the treatment, sequela following surgery decreased, and general conditions improved. During 1st and 2nd hospitalization, NRS of general weakness, heartburn and dorsal chill significantly decreased (10 to 5, 10 to 5 and 10 to 2, respectively) while edema in both legs remained the same. Conclusions: This case shows that Korean medical treatment is effective for a patient who underwent abdominal surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.179-188
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• 2012

A kiwifruit cultivar 'Hayward' has been grown in Jeju Island where the current climate is suitable for growth and development of this crop. Prediction of the geographical shift in the phenology can help the kiwifruits growers to adapt to the local climate change in the future. Two phenology models (i.e., chill-day and DVS) were parameterized to estimate flowering date of kiwifruits 'Hayward' based on the data collected from field plots and chamber experiments in the southern coastal and island locations in South Korea. Spatio-temporally independent datasets were used to evaluate performance of the two models in predicting flowering date of 'Hayward'. Chill-day model showed better performance than DVS model (2.5 vs. 4.0 days in RMSE). Daily temperature data interpolated at a higher spatial resolution over Jeju Island were used to predict flowering dates of 'Hayward' in 2021-2100 under the A1B scenario. According to the model calculation under the future climate condition, the flowering of kiwifruits shall accelerate and the area with poor flowering might increase due to the warmer winter induced insufficient chilling. Optimal land area for growing 'Hayward' could increase for a while in the near future (2021-2030), whereas such areas could decrease to one half of the current areas by 2100. The geographic locations suitable for 'Hayward' cultivation would migrate from the current coastal area to the elevated mountain area by 250 m.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2020

본 연구는 대표적인 봄 꽃 식물인 진달래(Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.)의 개화시기를 예측하기 위해 지난 9년간(2011년-2019년) 주왕산 지역에 생육하는 진달래의 식물계절자료(파열·개화·개엽·만개·낙엽)와 기상자료(일평균기온·일최고기온·일최저기온)를 토대로 이탈리아 생물기상연구소(IBMET)의 Chill Day 개화 예측모형인 생물계절모형을 실시하였다. 생물계절모형에 의한 예상 발아일간 편차의 제곱을 최소로 하는 조합은 기준온도 5℃, 저온요구량과 가온요구량은 97.94로 나타났다. 즉, 휴면해제일로부터 기준온도 5℃로 Chill Day를 누적시켜 97.94에 도달하는 날짜가 낙엽~내생휴면해제일이자 내생휴면해제일~발아기간까지의 값이며, 내생휴면해제일을 기점으로 개화일까지 102.93이 개화에 필요한 가온량으로 나타났다. 2011년부터 2019년까지 개화예상일을 기상청 회귀모형을 실관측기온에 적용한 결과 오차는 MAE=1.44이며, 생물계절모형을 적용할 경우 오차는 MAE=1.39, 기준온도 5℃일 경우 MAE=4.23, 기준온도 6℃일 경우 MAE=5.47, 기준온도 7℃일 경우 MAE=5.05로 나타나 생물계절에 의한 관측과 기상청의 회귀모형이 가장 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 가장 최근인 2018년과 2019년의 기상청 회귀모형와 생물계절모형의 개화 예측일을 비교한 결과, 2018년의 경우 청송지역의 진달래는 기상청 회귀모형에서 3월 30일 전후로 개화를 예상하였고 생물계절모형은 기준온도 5℃에 적용할 경우 내생휴면일에 가장 근접한 날은 3월 26일이였으며 이를 기준으로 가온량의 합이 102.93에 가깝게 되는 날인 4월 2일을 전후로 개화를 예측하였다. 실제 청송 주왕산의 진달래는 4월 3일에 개화를 시작하여 생물계절모형과 매우 유사함을 확인하였다. 2019년의 경우 청송지역의 진달래는 기상청 회귀모형에서 3월 25일 전후로 개화를 예상하였고 생물계절모형은 기준온도 5℃에 적용할 경우 내생휴면일에 가장 근접한 날은 3월 8일이였으며 이를 기준으로 가온량의 합이 102.93에 가깝게 되는 날인 3월 29일을 전후로 개화를 예측하였다. 실제 청송 주왕산의 진달래는 4월 5일에 개화를 시작하여 오히려 생물계절모형과 더욱 유사함을 확인하였다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 2006

Sixteen somimembranosus muscles were seamed out from sixteen left carcasses. They were cut into $7{\times}10{\times}2cm$ pieces and mixed randomly. Samples were assigned to four treatments: (T1) soy-based sauce; (T2) Kimchi-based sauce; (T3) pickled shrimp-based sauce; and (T4) onion-based sauce. Each treatment was aged in plastic box at $1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. These samples were vacuum-packaged after treatment with sauces and held in a chill at $1^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. The pH of aged port in general, was decreased significantly (p<0.05) with storage in all treatments. Its falling rate was the slowest in T4 of all treatments, while it was faster in T2 and T3 than in T4. The salinity of aged pork was decreased (p<0.05) for T2 with increased storage days, but increased (p<0.05) for T1. The salinity showed T2 to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than T1 and T4 on 1 day, but to be lower(p<0.05) than T1 on 28 day. The saccharinity of T3 was significantly higher (p<0.05) on 1 day than those of T1 and T4, but decreased (p<0.05) on 14 and 28 day. While saccharinity of T1 was significantly the lowest(p<0.05) of all treatments on 1 day and increased (p<0.05) with increased storage days. For T1 and T2, the WHC (water holding capacity) results showed higher (p<0.05) on 14 day than on 1 and 28 day. On 28 day, the WHC result showed T4 to be the highest(p<0.05) of all treatments, but T2 to be the lowest (p<0.05). On 28 day, the shear force results showed a big difference (p<0.05) among treatments, being in order of T4>T3>T2>T1. Panelists rated T1 as having higher(p<0.05) aroma, flavor and overall acceptability than other treatments.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.358-362
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• 2003

Purpose : Several methods of IV ${\gamma}-globulin$(IVG) infusion are effective in the treatment of autoimmune disease, including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP). But it is not known which method is more effective in the treatment of ITP. The effectiveness of these two methods of IVG infusion was studied in terms of platelet recovery rate, side effects and recurrence rate. Methods : Forty seven patients with acute ITP in the department of pediatrics, Eulji University Hospital from January 1995 to June 2001 were enrolled. We assesssed the treatment effects of 47 patients blindly selected; IV ${\gamma}-globulin$ 2 g/kg/day in one day(treatment group A, n=25), 400 mg/kg/day in five days(treatment group B, n=22). Results : Treatment group A increased platelet count more rapidly on the 2nd, 4th and 6th day of treatment than treatment group B. Side effects like fever, chill and vomiting were more frequent in treatment group A than treatment group B. The platelet count on the sixth day of treatment showed a greater increase in the cases which had side effects than in the cases which did not. There was no difference between the two groups in the recurrence rate. Conclusion : IV ${\gamma}-globulin$ 2 g/kg/day in one day increases platelet count more rapidly than 400 mg/kg/day in five days, and is favorable for the prevention of a severe hemorrhagic episode like early intracranial hemorrhage.