• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to better understand how sick children and their families define chronic illness; what behaviors they used for managing chronic illness; and how they perceived the socio-cultural context of Korea. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of qualitative studies. Articles on children with a chronic illness and their families located in electronic databases were selected for review. Twenty one qualitative studies were reviewed. Qualitative studies that had used an analysis tool, the Family Management Style Framework were reviewed. Results: Children with chronic illness and their families tended to accept illness as a negative outcome and thought that they were deprived of the context of normality. In the traditional Korean family style, parents-in-law demand absolute obedience from their daughter-in-law, leading to a conflict between the two parties, which, in turn, may have negatively affected their perceptions of chronic illness. Western and oriental medical treatments were used, and participants sought an array of folk remedies. Conclusion: Culturally specific findings can help to better understand the difficulties faced by children with a chronic illness and their families and can provide invaluable input into the development of culturally appropriate and sensitive nursing interventions.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to describe of resilience in children with chronic illness and family resilience, and to identify their correlations. Method: Data was collected from 108 children and their families, being treated by hospitals C and K in Seoul, who are diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome, IgA nephritis, diabetes, asthma at least six months ago. Descriptive, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation were done. Result: The mean score of resilience in children was 101.31 and family resilience was 60.14. The variable which showed a statistically meaningful difference in the resilience in children according to a general characteristic was the gender of a child (t=6.209, p<.05), diagnosis (F= 6.315, p<.01), age of a mother (t=2.237, p<.05), and school grade (F=12.838, P<.01). In terms of the family resilience according to a general characteristic, the variable showing a statistically meaningful difference was the order of sibling (F=13.468, p<.01). There was significant positive resilience in children between family resilience (r=.356, p<.01). Conclusions: In this study we proposed the implement programs for the increase of the resilience in children with chronic illness. In order to give a positive effect on the resilience in children, implement for the increase of the family resilience is also proposed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between resilience, coping and adjustment to illness and to identify the effect of resilience on adjustment in children with chronic illness. Method: The participants in this study were 71 children who were seen at one of 3 hospitals, either in outpatient clinics or as admitted patients. Instruments used in this study were self-reported questionnaires. The data were collected from March to October, 2005 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test or ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Result: Adjustment to illness was significantly different according to sex and birth rank. There was a significant correlation between resilience, coping and adjustment to illness. Resilience was a predictor of adjustment to illness and accounted for 28% of thevariance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that programs and strategies that enhance resilience by promoting social competence and support-seeking skills and by fostering self-esteem and coping should be developed for children with chronic illness.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.272-284
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe the parenting experience of parents of children with chronic illness in Korea. Methods: A conventional contents analysis was used for the study. Twelve mothers of chronically ill children participated in the study. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Morse and Field method. Results: Four categories, 10 subcategories and 42 codes emerged from the data on the parenting experience of parents of children with chronic illness. The four categories were 'Sacrifice and full-engagement within self-mortification', 'Re-normalization of collapsed daily life', 'Paving a new way for independence' and 'Growing together of myself and the family'. Conclusion: Parents of children with chronic illness experienced not only negative aspects such as a confusion but also re-normalization and growing together. Based on the results, health professionals need to develop effective nursing interventions toward positive parenting for these parents and their children with chronic illnesses.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-147
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• 2001

The aim of this descriptive study was to identify the impact of chronic illness on children and their families. Mothers of 177 children with chronic disease were recruited from aged one to 17 years hospitalizing the pediatric nursing unit at one university hospital. 28 questions. a self-complete maternal questionnaire developed by researchers based on literatures and 'The Impact of Childhood Illness Scale' (Hoare & Russell, 1995) assess four aspects of the child's and family's lifestyle with two dimensions for each question. the frequency of the problem and its importance of concern that it cause. In the data analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients and analysis of variance were used to test any association and a statistical comparisons. between individual variables and the impact on child's and family's lifestyle. The results were as follows: 1) There were the higher mean scores on the importance dimension than on the frequency dimension on total impact on child's and family's lifestyle. On the importance dimension. mothers had much higher levels of concern about impact on child's development and adjustment among subscales. On the frequency dimension, mothers had much higher levels of concern about impact on the family daily living on subscales. 2) The impact on child's and family's lifestyle related on individual variables were: (1) On the importance dimension. there was statistically significant low in the impact on child's development and adjustment among subscales in older parent group compared with it of younger parent group. (2) On the frequency dimension. there were statistically significant high in the impact on child's development and adjustment among subscales in the children with leukemia or cancer compared with it of the other children who had another chronic illnesses. And there were statistically significant high in the impact on child's development and adjustment among subscales in less than high school educated mothers compared with it of mothers who was educated college level. (3) On the frequency dimension. There were statistically significant high in the impact on family's daily living among subscales and total impact on child's and family's lifestyle in female children. (4) There was positive correlation between impact on parents daily living and frequency of child's hospitalization on the frequency dimension. but there was negative correlation between the two variables on the importance dimension. (5) There was positive correlation between impact of chronic illness and its treatment and duration of child's hospitalization on the frequency dimension. In conclusion. these results were reflected by the high level of concerns about impact on child's development and adjustment although mothers had frequently responded about the impact on the family daily living. We suggest consistent intervening program that help the family empowering to make children live with and adjust to their chronic illnesses from the point of diagnosis and after discharge from the hospital. We also suggest these results can be utilized as a useful data in the practice of home health nursing for children who have chronic illnesses and their families.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.451-460
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• 2001

Congenital heart disease is now estimated to be the most prevalent chronic illness in children. The overall purpose of study is to enhance our understanding of mother's perception of family stress, perceived social support, and coping who has a child newly diagnosed with congenital heart disease. In this investigation, the relationship between family stress, perceived social support, and coping within the context of a acute, non life- threatening chronic illness in the situation of newly diagnosed as Rolland's typology of chronic illness. The study employed data from a subset of a large longitudinal study, children's chronic illness: parents and family adaptation conducted by M. McCubbin (5 R29 NR02563) which was funded by the NIH. The subject for this study were 92 mothers who have a child under age 12 who was newly diagnosed with congenital heart disease within the last 3-4 months. Results form correlational and regression analysis revealed that perceived social support operated as a resiliency factor between family stress and coping of mothers. Child and family characteristics appeared to be important predictors of perceived social support and mother's coping. Therefore, the findings provide an incremental contribution to the explanation of effects for perceived social support and may challenge resiliency model in previous literature. Further, these findings suggest that perceived social support and coping are both influencing in the resiliency of relatively high risk groups of families who has a child with congenital heart disease.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between resilience and health-related quality of life and to identify the effect of resilience on health-related quality of life in children with chronic illness. Method: The participants in this study were 71 children who were seen at one of 3 hospitals, either in outpatient clinics or as admitted patients. The data were collected from March to October, 2005 and descriptive statistics, t-test or ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Result: Health-related quality of life was slightly low with a mean score of 2.85 (range 1-5). Health-related quality of life was significantly different according to age. There was a significant correlation between resilience and health-related quality of life. Resilience was a predictor of health-related quality of life and accounted for 45% of the variance. Conclusions: Resilience was shown to influence health-related quality of life of children with chronic illness. These findings suggest that the interventions to enhance resilience would be effective for the improvement of health-related quality of life.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to explore the level of children's anxiety related to disease characteristics The subjects of this study were 72 childrens (6year-10 year) who were admitted to the pediatric wards at University Hospital and 24 healthy children, and 24 mothers of children with fatal & chronic illness. The data were collected with sarason's Anxiety scale for children & spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory for mothers and analyzed of One way Anova, Duncun Test, Pearson correlation, and T-test. The results of this study were as follows : 1) There was significant difference in children's anxiety related to disease characteristics(P<0.01) Fatally ill children showed highest level of anxiety and chronically, acutely ill children in order. And there was no significant difference in anxiety between acutely ill children and healthy children. There was significant difference in anxiety between groups of ill and healthy children(P<0.01) .The anxiety of ill children was higher than that of healthy children. 2) There was no significant correlation between children's anxiety and their age. 3) There was no significant difference in children's anxiety related to frequency of hospital admission. 4) There was significant correlation between children's anxiety and duration of illness(P<0.01). The longer the duration of illness is, the higher children's anxiety is. 5) There was significant difference in mothers' anxiety between groups of fatally ill and chronically ill children(P<0.05). The anxiety of mothers of fatally ill children was higher than that of mothers of chronically ill children. 6) There was no significant correlation between children's anxiety of fatal and chronic illness and their mothers' anxiety.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2013

Purpose: To develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Family Management Measure (Korean FaMM) to assess applicability for families with children having chronic illnesses. Methods: The Korean FaMM was articulated through forward-backward translation methods. Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using PASW WIN (19.0) and AMOS (20.0). Survey data were collected from 341 mothers of children suffering from chronic disease enrolled in a university hospital in Seoul, South Korea. Results: The Korean version of FaMM showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .69-.91. Factor loadings of the 53 items on the six sub-scales ranged from 0.28-0.84. The model of six subscales for the Korean FaMM was validated by expiratory and confirmatory factor analysis (${\chi}^2$ <.001, RMR<.05, GFI, AGFI, NFI, NNFI>.08). Criterion validity compared to the Parental Stress Index (PSI) showed significant correlation. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean FaMM showed satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is useful to measure Korean family's management style with their children who have a chronic illness.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.369-376
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of current body weight and body mass index (BMI) at age three and birth weight in developing chronic respiratory illness in childhood and identify possible interaction underlying its mechanism. Methods: The study was carried out with 422 children who were enrolled in a hospital-based birth cohort. Birth related anthropometric data were collected at birth. At age 3 years, the presence of respiratory symptoms was evaluated by using the Korean version of core questionnaire for wheezing and asthma from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Physical examination was carried out to measure the child's weight and height. Results: Children in the lowest birth weight tertile (aOR = 3.97, 95% CI = 0.94-16.68) or highest BMI tertile (aOR = 3.68, 95% CI = 1.24-10.95) at three years of age were at an increased risk of chronic respiratory illness. Children who were initially in the lowest birth weight tertile but now belong in the highest weight tertile had higher risk of chronic respiratory illness compared to those who had remained in the middle tertile (OR=16.35, 95% CI=1.66-160.57). Conclusions: Children with lower birth weight or higher BMI were at an increased risk of chronic respiratory illness. In addition, children who were initially in the lowest birth weight tertile but are now in the highest weight tertile had higher risk of chronic respiratory illness compared to those who remained in the middle tertile.