• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2008

This research was carried out a to investigate the food habit and preference of parents' social and economic level with 681 children (145 of Kindergarten, 300 of Children, 236 of Adolescences) in Seoul and Gyeonggi area using question naires. The parents' income level divided into 2 groups, less than 4 million won and equal or greater than 4 million won. Most of the middle years were over-weighing but kindergarten and adolescences had standard weights. The majority of parents had Bachelor degrees, most of father were office workers, majority of mothers of kindergarten with parents' income level less than 4 million won were professional women and mothers of the rest of the groups were mostly house wives. The middle years with parents income level less than 4 million son were skipping meals most frequently, but other groups didn't show much differences in their eating habits. All age groups showed that they like meats the most and dislike vegetables the worst. All age groups also showed that they mostly eat out 1-2 times a week and the next was 3-4 times a week. All age groups preferred ice creams, fruits, juices and snacks for their desserts. The middle years with parents' income equal or greater than 4 million won also showed high preference on strawberry and chocolate flavored milk, burgers and pizzas. The food s that preferred to eat when dining out were Chinese foods (Ja-jang-myeon and sweet and sour pork) for kindergarten group, Korean foods (kalbi and bulgogi) for the middle years with parents' income level less than 4 million won, family restaurant food (steak and rib) for the middle years with parents' income level equal or greater than 4 million won and Korean foods (kalbi and bulgogi) for the adolescences. The preferred cooking methods were roast (fish and sea weeds) for the kindergarten, roasted meat for the middle years, Kimchi and bean paste pot stew for the adolescences with parents' income level less than 4 million won and roasted meats for the adolescences with parents' income level equal or greater than 4 million won. The results showed that the adolescences with higher parental income lever preferred meats.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 1997

Objective：At the present time in Korea, for a considerable proportion of children and adolescent, delinquent behavior and violence has become as a way of life in their lives and a major social problem issue as well. The contributing factors to this problem were assumed to be the negative interaction between family environment and character of adolescent. The purpose of this study is to search the relationship between these constructs and juvenile delinquency. Method：Data were collected through questionnaire survey over a period of 2 months. Subjects served for this study consisted of 1,863 adolescents including 657 delinquent adolescents and 1,206 student adolescents in Korea, sampled from Korean student population and delinquent adolescent population confined in juvenile corrective institutions, using proportional stratified random sampling method. Their age ranged between 12 and 18 years. Data were analysed by IBM PC using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square and principal component analysis. Results：The results of this study were as follows：Inconsistency by parental child rearing patterns tended to affect delinquent behavior among delinquent adolescents. On the other hand, adolescent students were consistently reared by their parent with democratic, flexible, trusting their children and reward-oriented attitudes. In comparison of both parents in the degree of influence on their children, it was revealed that paternal child rearing pattern was more influential on their children’s behaviors than maternal’s. The psychological instability of family, disharmonious parent-child relationships tended to be contributing to delinquent behavior among delinquent adolescents. Especially, It was an interesting finding that student’s mother is the higher employed than delinquent’s mother. However working mother was more prevalent in the student’ adolescents than in student adolescents in previous studies. The delinquent adolescents have more depressive trend, more complaints of psychosomatic symptoms, the higher degree of need frustration, the more maladaptive and antisocial personality pattern than student adolescents. Conclusion：Recently, many studies on association between family factor, character of adolescent and juvenile delinquent behavior have produced relatively consistent results. This study showed that family environment and character trait of adolescent also were linked with delinquent behavior such as smoking, drinking, runaway and physical assaults etc. The results of this survey may provide impetus for future speculation and study of correlation or reciprocal interaction between family factor, character trait of adolescent and delinquent behavior during adolescence and beyond.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 1996

In adolescence, the symptoms of depression are more various and different from those of adult. Conduct behaviours are frequently represented in adolescent's depression. The patients who have the depression and conduct disorder are defined as depressive condor disorder in ICD-10. We hypothesized that there might be different parental rearing patterns between the patients with depression alone and the depressive conduct disorder. We applied children's depression inventory (CDI), parental rating form for conduct disorder based on DSM-III-R, and parental bonding instrument (PBI) to patients and normal control adolescent group. The results were as follows : 1) There were no significant differences in severity of depressive symptoms, maternal care, maternal overprotection, and paternal care. 2) Paternal overprotection showed significant higher scores in depressive conduct disorder group than depression group and normal control group. 3) There were positive correlations in the severity of depressive symptoms and behavior problems in all subjects. 4) There were no correlations in maternal care and overprotecion with conduct problems, but with depressive symptoms in all subject. 4) There were no correlations in paternal care with conduct problems and depressive symptoms in all subjects. 5) There were significant correlations in patienral overprotective, intrusive attitudes with conduct problems, not with depressive symptoms in all subjects.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.857-864
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• 2005

Purpose : The objectives of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the indices of insulin sensitivity using fasting glucose and insulin level, and the body fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA), and to determine the clinical usefulness of insulin sensitivity indices when obese children were followed up. Methods : In this study, 28 simple obese children and adolescents were included. Anthropometric data including body weight, height, obesity degree(OD), body mass index(BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio were collected and then body fat mass was measured by using BIA and DEXA. For metabolic data, 12 hour fasting serum glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were measured and indices for insulin sensitivity(G/I ratio, $log_{insulin}$, HOMA-IR, $log_{HOMA-IR}$, QUICKI) were calculated. Results : BMI had a higher correlation with insulin sensitivity indices than OD(G/I ratio, -0.463 vs -0.209; $log_{insulin}$, 0.417 vs 0.196; HOMA-IR, 0.301 vs 0.238; $log_{HOMA-IR}$, 0.403 vs 0.198; QUICKI, -0.451 vs -0.224). But OD had a higher correlation with body fat mass measured by BIA and DEXA than BMI(BIA, 0.612 vs 0.316; DEXA, 0.667 vs 0.512). The G/I ratio was correlated with body fat mass in BIA(r=-0.420, P<0.05) and DEXA(r=-0.512, P<0.01), percentage of body fat(percentage of fat) in BIA(r=-0.366, P<0.05) and DEXA(r=-0.449, P<0.01). HOMA-IR was only correlated with body fat mass in DEXA(r=0.341, P<0.05). Conclusion : This study revealed that G/I ratios had a statistically significant correlation with anthropometric obesity indices(OD and BMI) and also had a correlation with both body fat mass and percentage of fat. These results suggest that G/I ratios could be used as useful index when obese children and adolescence are followed up.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.340-347
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the material in middle school and high school textbooks covering child care and children's health for medically inaccurate content and to make sure that the correct information is given to students. Methods : We have examined 47 kinds of textbooks on the subjects 'Home economics' and 'Technology and home economics' published in 2007 to find out how much importance is placed on children's health and childcare and to search for incorrect definitions, inaccurate facts or insufficient explanations. We have also analyzed the credentials of the writers of these textbooks. Results : Textbooks of middle school cover psychological and physical changes during adolescence and nutrition, and those of high school cover marriage and childcare. These materials covering health made up 27.5%, 11.7% of middle & high school texts. Age definitions of neonate and infant were incorrect. Inaccurate facts were mostly about fontanelles, primitive reflexes, breastfeeding and weaning. There also were wrong informations on the umbilical cord care and developmental milestones during infancy. The childhood immunization schedules and the growth curves were not up to date. Most of the authors major in home economics and the others were school teachers. There was no evidence of any review by a medical society or an expert. Conclusions : When writing about children's health and childcare in textbooks, a board-certified pediatrician or The Korean Pediatric Society should be consulted to provide accurate medical information to middle and high school students.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.29-43
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to examine effective variables influencing on adolescents' mobile phone addiction. The subjects were the 666 middle or high school students who had their own mobile phone in Gwangju. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, cronbach's ${\alpha}$, mean, SD, pearson's correlation and multiple regression using SPSS/PC WIN 14.0 program. The major findings were as follows: 1. The most frequently used function of student mobile phones was text message and they used text message more than 41 times a day. Mostly they were talking to the same sex friends on the phone and the monthly charges ranged from 20,000 to 30,000 won. In general, they called to their friends after school. Their parents' attitudes toward their mobile phone using showed that the most of their parents did not care about their children's mobile phone use. The restriction of using their mobile phone at school was normal. 2. The average scores of mobile phone addiction were lower than median(3.0) and self esteem, self control, family strengths, peer conformity and school life adaptation were higher than median. 3. The adolescence's mobile phone additions were influenced by peer conformity, school life adaptation, school levels, sex and self control. And these variables explained to the adolescence's mobile phone additions about 28%.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2002

Purpose : The objectives of this study were to investigate the causes of chronic cough and to establish the appropriate diagnostic approach to chronic cough in children. Methods : One hundred and thirty two cases of chronic cough were prospectively evaluated. They visitors to pediatric chronic cough clinics at Kang-nam saint Mary's Hospital of Catholic University from August 2000 to July 2001 for 12 months. Careful history taking by questionnaire, physical examination, radiologic studies of chest and sinus, hematologic and immunologic studies, allergic skin tests, and methacholine challenge tests were performed. Color doppler(CD) ultrasonography were performed and compared with simultaneous 24 Hr. esophageal pH monitoring to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD). Results : Age distributions were demonstrated that nine in infants, 82 in early childhood, 38 in late childhood, and three in adolescence. Common causes of chronic cough were bronchial asthma in 40 cases, chronic sinusitis in 22 cases, GERD in seven cases, bronchial asthma combined with sinusitis in 28 cases, bronchial asthma combined with GERD in 14 cases, psychogenic cough in two. cases, foreign body in one case, chronic bronchitis in one case, and bronchiolitis in one case. Comparing with 24 Hr. pH monitoring, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of CD ultrasonography were 88%, 69%, 85 %, and 73% respectively. Conclusion : The most common causes of chronic cough in children were bronchial asthma, sinusitis and GERD in order. We suggest that CD ultrasonography can be used as a good, convenient screening method for patients with suspected GERD in outpatient settings.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.37-52
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• 2002

This study is preliminary study of the status of school counseling and demands for service at middle and high schools from universities to provide the youth middle and high schools in Changwon with counseling and educational service. The results of this research are below, First, the excessive workload became the most difficulties for operateschool counseling systems and counseling activities. Second, school counseling activities focused mainly on the formal and narrow areas of counseling such as career guidance, personality programs and intelligence test and so on. Third, the most problems which we have counselled, were friendship problems in the personal relationship, school absences in the delinquent, lack of information of sex in the sexual field, conflicts with Parents, in the family relationship, poor academic progresses in the academical and future directional problems and. character of personality difficulties in the psychological field. Fourth, the major offers from the teachers to counsel students in the school were advices, suggestions, career guidance, Preventative activities, and providing information through school counseling. Fifth, though the middle and high schools were in need of outside institutions related to counseling, It was difficult to get help because of being Ignorant of procedures or methods for using counseling and being lacking in enough information on such organizations. Sixth, ordinary students and students in danger of maladjustment besides problem students wanted to get a lot of help. Seventh, the counseling which are the most wanted from out of school was an opposite-sex relationship in the personal relationship, a lack of information on sex in the sexual fields, conflict with parents in the family problems, a strong unwillingness of study in the academical and future directional fields, and personalty difficulties In the psychological fields. Eighth, the subjects wanted to get counseling and educational service in regard to sex, addiction to PC, smoking, and ostracism and so on in counseling and education for young people. Ninth, education designed to have an adequate understanding of children turned out to be mostly needed as educational programs for parents Based on the above results, the proposals from universities for provide youth counseling and educational services are below. 1) setting up the positive publicity strategies E) developing and execution of various counseling and educational programs 3) expanding the counseling and education from maladjusted students to general students 4) expanding youth counseling and education to parental education and family counseling 5) continuous human resources improvement and training 6) reinforcement relationships with middle and high school organizations 7) building cooperation with local counseling organizations

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.336-340
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• 2015

Purpose: The mean adult height of Koreans has increased since nationwide anthropological measurements began in 1967. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in heights of Korean late adolescents and young adults within and between the Second and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES II and V). Methods: Koreans aged ${\leq}22$ years with available measurements of height were enrolled from the KNHANES surveys (KNHANES II: n=3,372 [1,732 males and 1,640 females]; KNHANES V: n=6,190 [3,198 males and 2,992 females]). Differences in the height of KNHANES respondents within and between surveys were evaluated according to age and sex. Results: In KNHANES II, there was no significant difference in height between males aged 17-19 years and those aged 20-22 years ($174.3{\pm}0.5cm$ vs. $174.3{\pm}0.6cm$, P=0.995). Females aged 20-22 years were taller than those aged 17-19 years ($159.8{\pm}0.4cm$ vs. $161.0{\pm}0.4cm$, P=0.017). Females aged 17-19 years were significantly taller in KNHANES V than in KNHANES II ($161.2{\pm}0.3cm$ vs. $159.8{\pm}0.4cm$, P=0.004). Respondents aged 20-22 years were taller in KNHANES V than in KNHANES II, although not significantly so; the difference was $0.3{\pm}0.8cm$ in males (P=0.721) and $0.5{\pm}0.6cm$ in females (P=0.386). Conclusion: Koreans appear to continue growing even in their late adolescence and early twenties. Consequently, it may be necessary to expand the reference age ranges of the Korean growth chart. Additionally, a longitudinal growth survey is needed to determine growth patterns and secular trend in height among Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between internet game addiction and emotional and behavioral characteristics of students both in the 5th and 6th grade of elementary school and in middle school. Methods : Two elementary schools and two middle schools were chosen to participate. The students completed selfreport questionnaires designed by the authors, called the Internet Game Addiction Scale, Korean youth self-report (K-YSR). Results : Compared to previous studies, the rates of those in the obvious game addiction group were much lower in this study. We defined the upper 10% of internet game addiction scores as a high risk user group and the lower 10% as a control group. There were significant differences between the groups with respect to the the ages at which internet gaming began, the frequency of game play per week, and the average length of each game playing session. Significant associations were also found between the level of internet game addiction and the withdrawn and delinquency subscales of the K-YSR. However, the association between game addiction and the withdrawn subscale was found only in middle school students. Conclusion : The findings from this study suggested that withdrawn and delinquent behaviors could be predictors of internet game addiction. Results also suggested the importance of early childhood intervention for preventing the development of more severe psychopathology in early adolescence.