• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 1973

Since there is nothing in the literature regarding how Koreans value their children, this is an exploratory study attempting to (1) generate ideas as to why women of child- bearing age want children and (2) discover aspects of the interaction between the value of children and the fertility behavior according to socio-economic class and level of education. Fifty women from the Yonhee A Citizen′s Apartment and 50 women from the slum area surrounding the Yonhee Apartment were interviewed by the investigator during the period of October 10 to October 25, 1972. All of the women interviewed were under 35 years of age and had more than one child. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the general characteristics of the respondents, the status of current family planning practice, the number of induced abortions and the reasons for wanting children. An open ended question followed by a forced choice question was the method used to determine the reasons for wanting children. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Half of all the respondents were between 30 and 34 years of age. 2. Four percent of the respondents had no schooling, 51 percent had graduated from primary school, and 45 percent were educated beyond middle school. 3. The most important reasons tot wanting children given by the respondents were categorized as follows: (1) carrying on the family name, (2) old age security, (3) value of life, (4) fun of rearing children, (5) avoidance of loneliness, (6) responsibility of women. 4. The number of consistent answers between the open ended and forced choice questions regarding reasons for wanting children was significantly different. Only 30 women among the total respondents gave consistent answers. Carrying on the family name was the category in which there was the highest rate of consistency. 5. The reasons for wanting children were not significantly different for age, educational level, and number of living children for all of the respondents. 6. In response to the question "If you want to have only one child, which sex , would you prefer\ulcorner" 96 percent of the respondents said they would select a son. 7. Major suggestions for further study were to differentiate. (1) between reasons women want children and reasons women have children and (2) between reasons men want children and reasons women want children.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 1974

The author has conducted survey on the status of physical growth and morbidity of the children for christian children's fund programme, as a means of collecting basic data for the anticipated establishment of a health planning. A total 345 children aged 9 to 16 underwent C.C.F. programme while as a control, a total of 480 children of same ages from the middle-class school children in Jeonju area was also studied. As results of survey conducted for a period of one month (form July 1 to 31, 1974) on a total 429 children in 347 households living in Jeonju area. I. Socio-economic background 1. By educational status of the children, 39.9 per cent of the total children was attending at primary school, 33.8 per cent in middle school and 15.6 per cent in high school. 2. The greatest proportion or 28.8 per cent of the household head were engaged in labor, 17.9 per cent in peddler and 13.2 per cent in retail. 3. As for the living standard of the households, low class constitued 90.1 per cent, middle and high classes only 9.9 per cent. 4. 39.5 per cent of the households had their own house, 39.1 per cent lived in rent deposit house or rooms and 14.6 per cent in monthly rented house and rooms. II. Physical growth and nutritional status 1. The growth of children for C.C.F. programme in terms of height was found to be slightly smaller than the school children. The ages frm 9 to 16 corespond to the 'secondary growth and replenishment period and this period was regarded to be the one most affected by environmental and nutritional factors of all the other periods of growth and developmet. 2. The body weight of the children for C.C.F. presented a quite different pattern from that of the school children. The above findings appeared thin-and-long stature from the famillies with higher living standard while those from the household with low standard of living had a short-and-plump one. 3. According to the values of Rohrer's index, the children of C.C.F carried a higher degree of 'replenishment' than the children in Jeonju area and adolesecence comes later for the girls under C.C.F. programme. III. Morbidity 1. The monthly prevalence rate was 110.0 per thousand persons for the children under C.C.F. programme. 2. The total number of case was classified by timing of the incidence as follws. 40.0 per cent was constituted by diseases carried over from tile previous month and 60.0 per cent by new incidences. 3. The diseases were broken down by W.H.O. disease classification into the greatest proportion or 39.1 per thousand person constituted by disease of the digestive system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.27-44
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• 1974

A general survey of 82 perschool children and 473 school children (from 1st to 3rd grade) residing in the Dongnae area of Shindong Myun, choonseoung Gun, Kangwon Province was conducted from June 12 to 21, 1973, to obtain information concerning nutritional status, especially the protein and iron nutrition of preschool and school children in a rural area of Korea. A sample of 58 children 2 to 9 years old was selected from these 555 children for hematological, biochemical and parasitological tests. The results of these tests are presented below, 1) Both the mean body height and mean body weight of these children were higher and heavier than the averages in the Korean Physical Standards. About 39 per cent were above the 90 th percentile of the Korean Physical Standards of height and 35 per cent were above the 90th percentile of the Korean Physical Standards of weight. 2) The rate of infestation by helminthes was 67.6 per cent and there were no cases of hookworm infestation Among the ascaris-infected children, 61.6 per cent fell within an Ascaris E.P.G. count range of $501{\sim}2,000$. This was considered a rather mild intensify of ascaris infection. Nutrient loss due to helminthes was also estimated to be low. 3) The mean hemoglobin level was 11.3gm% $({\pm}0.94)$, and 68.4 per cent of the children were anemic (less than 11gm% among those 5 years old or less, less than l2gm% among those 6 years old or more). The average hematocrit value was 36.1% $({\pm}2.36)$, and only 3.5 per cent showed more than 34% on the M.C.H.C. test. These results showed that the incidence of anemia, in these rural children was high, and that in general it displayed hypochromic characteristics. 4) The average serum iron level was $78.2{\mu}g%$\;({\pm}29.8). The Proportion of the children showing less than $50{\mu}g% in the serum iron level was 5.6 per cent, while 41.8 percent revealed $450{\mu}g% or more in the TIBC determination. Transferrin saturation was below 15% in 71.4 percent of the preschool children, and in 28.6 percent of the school children. Those who had a serum iron level of $50{\mu}g% or less and a TIBC of more than $450{\mu}g% constituted 11.9 percent of the children examined. From these results, it was concluded that especially preschool children were low in iron nutrition, and that most of the anemia might be iron-deficiency anemia. 5) The mean values of total serum protein and albumin were 6.98gm% and 4.99gm% respectively. Especially in serum albumin, all children stowed more than 4 gm%. 6) The mean urinary urea nitrogen Per creatinine ratio was 11.5 $({\pm}4.2)$, and 21.8 percent had a ratio of more than 15. Considering these results, it was suggested that protein nutrition in these children was relatively good.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 1985

To assess the childhood immunization level of urban and rural areas, 250 mothers of $6{\sim}23$ months old children residing in Namsan 1 Dong, Taegu, and 264 mothers of the same age children residing in five areas of Kyungsan Gun where community health practitioners are assigned were interviewed in March, 1984. Immunization rate for BCG was 98.0% in urban area and 95.8% in rural area. Among children who had BCG vaccination 91.4% of them were immunized within 1 month after birth in urban area and 88.1% in rural area. The percentage of children who received three doses of DPT vaccine was 83.2% in urban, and 87.5% in rural area ana that for the polio vaccine was 80.8% in urban and 87.9% in rural area. Only a few children have never been immunized with either BCG or DPT or polio vaccine. Overall immunization rate for measles was 64.4% in urban area while it was 55.3% in rural area and that for mumps and rubella was 50.4% in urban area as compared with 36.0% in rural area. However, among children of 15 months old and above the percentage of measles vaccination was 85.3% in urban area and 73.7% in rural area. Mumps and rubella vaccination rate was 77.6% in urban area and 62.4% in rural area. These differences in measles, mumps and rubella vaccination rates between urban and rural areas were statistically significant (p<0.05). Such findings as improved immunization level, no significant differences in BCG, DPT and polio vaccination rate between urban and rural areas, and fewer mothers in rural area have not vaccinated their children than mothers in urban area because of their ignorance may be attributed to the general improvement of living standard and implementation of the maternal and child health services of the government. Nevertheless many of the mothers in rural as well as urban area have not immunized their children on time and measles, mumps and rubella vaccination rates are substantially lower than other childhood immunizations. Future immunization activity should be geared to reinforcing these areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate children's satisfaction with side dishes served in elementary school food service program in Seoul area. Two hundreds and thirty two children participated in this study through a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Conclusion drawn from the results of this study is that there seems no significant problems in school food service program since children are generally satisfied with food provided by school. However, minor problems such as hot and salty food, inappropriate temperature of warm dishes, and excessive amount of food, need to be improved through a newly developed menu, cooking method, and food distribution method.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 1996

Investigation of foodservices was carried out in 7 different day care centers in Gyeongnam area and no trition survey of their 481 children were undertaken between October 5 and November 3, 1994. The results were summarized as follows: Conditions of most equipments and facilities used in the kitchen were very defective especially in dishwashing and sterilizing step. Number of cooks and assistant cooks in foodservices was 1 or 2. Purchasing of foods and planning of menu were mainly done by the manager or the secretary. Menu was cycled weekly. None of the day care centers has empolyed a dietitian. Mean values of height and weight of children showed slightly over the standard of Korean children. Mean intakes of energy and all the nutrients from the lunch, which was served by day care centers, were below 30% of the Korean RDAs. Mean value of protein, thiamine and niacin were above 25％ of the RDAs. Intakes of Ca, Fe and Riboflavin were lower than the ones of other nutrients. It is suggested that dietitians should be empolyed to take care of meal services and nutrition education for the children.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Objectives. We conducted this study to obtain basic data of urinary levels of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc in children of Ulsan industrial area and to evaluate the difference in urinary levels of these metals between industrial area and suburban area. Methods. The study subjects were composed of 348(male 182, female 166) school children residing in industrial area and 100(male 50, female 50) school children of suburban area. We analyzed urinary levels of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results. The geometric means of urinary level of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc of study participants were 3.69, 0.99, $282.49{\mu}g/l$ respectively. The adjusted geometric means of urinary levels of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc of study participants were 3.92, 1.05, $299.92{\mu}g/g$ creatinine respectively. Conclusions. The children residing in industrial area had the higher urinary levels of arsenic and cadmium than suburban children with statistical significance(p<0.01).

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1999

Condyloma acuminata, an uncommon disease m the pediatric patients, is being reported with increasing frequency in both adults and children. During the last 10 years, we managed 11 children with condyloma acuminata of the anogenital area. The patients' age at presentation varied from 9 months to 11 years, and boys outnumbered girls by a ratio of 2 : 1. The lesions were found in the perianal area in 9 patients and the genital area in 2. No history of sexual contact or abuse could be elicited. Although the exact mode of transmission of human papillomavirus(HPV) couldn't be defined, maternal-infant transmission at birth and close nonsexual family contact were the main possible causes of HPV infection in our patients. Our experience suggest that fulguration of the warts and concomitant excision with scissors of the larger lesions are the most satisfactory method of treatment in children. However, condyloma acuminata have high recurrence rate despite these treatments. Viral typing and careful epidemiological investigation on a larger series of patients may clarify the causative factors and effective modalities of treatment in childhood anogenital condyloma acuminata.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine the urban families and rural families in tenns of life styles on Saturday-with-no-school. The subjects were the 386 parents whose children were in the first or second grade in rural or urban area. The instruments of analysis were time diary method and parents' stress scale developed by Kim & Kang(l997). The main results were as follows: First, in comparison with urban children, rural children spent more time in viewing TV and playing computer but spend less time in sleeping. field trip and cleaning on Saturday-with-no-school. Second, the difference of child-rearing time between mothers and fathers was less marked in urban area than in rural area. Rural fathers spent more time in watching TV or playing computer, while rural mothers spent more time in feeding and bathing of their children, helping their children do homework, and total child-rearing. Third, unlike urban parents, rural parents ddid not have much parenting stress on Saturday-with-no-school. These results show that there is a need to focus on rural parents in the preparation for introduction of 5 days-school-week system.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-132
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• 2014

Since 1970s, the metropolitan-cities in Korea constructed enormous capacities of apartment housings to settle the inferior housing conditions. However, from a stand point of children, the formality of the apartment housing is too tight and specialized to give children enough space to play in and the location and physical area of that is bad and insufficient either. In this study, progressive method for the playground is offered to improve the conditions of playground in apartment housings through the examinations of the utilization of the playground and the problems of that. As a result, three of items for the improvement of the playgrounds are suggested. First, re-interventions for the rules which prescribe the area of the playgrounds are needed. Second, the locations of the playgrounds should be based on the children's playing activities and parents' profitable apprehend. Third, the access to the playgrounds should be based on the children's conveniences. In order to perform these recommended items, objective POE data for the playgrounds through the systematic examinations are also needed in addition to the abilities of the planners.