• 아동학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-48
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to compare sex role typing in relation to self-concept in 6th graders by to their residential area. The subjects were 6th grade children: 126 boys and 127 girls. The sample included 85 (42 boys, 43 girls) from a farming area, 111 (62 boys, 49 girls) from Pohang City, and 57 (22 boys, 35 girls) from a fishing area. The instruments used in this study were Shimer's self-concept measure (Suh, 1980) and Bern Sex Role Inventory (Byun, 1979). Statistical analysis of obtained data was by $X^2$ test; 2 (sex) x 3 (residential area) x 4 (sex role category) ANOVA; and $Scheff\acute{e}$ test. The results were as follows: Girls from the fishing area were more masculine than girls from other areas. Androgynous children and urban children demonstrated a higher self-concept. There was no difference in level of self-concept between urban boys and girls, but boys in both farming and fishing areas demonstrated a higher level than girls. In all 3 areas, androgynous children evaluated themselves positively whereas undifferentiated children evaluated themselves negatively. There were significant differences in self-concept according to sex, living area, and sex role category. In the city, the feminine category was related to a negative self-concept while the masculine category was related to a negative self-concept in the fishing area. But in the farming area, feminine boys demonstrated a higher self-concept whereas feminine girls demonstrated a lower self-concept.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.501-523
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• 2021

In this study, a value-based children's financial education program was developed focusing on the values of each financial management area needed for children. According to 'quasi-experimental design - non-equivalent control group design', an experimental group and a control group were formed for children in the lower grades of elementary school, and a value-based child financial education program was executed, and then the program was applied to children's personal financial management. The effect on the value propensity for each area was evaluated. As a result of the quantitative evaluation, it was confirmed that the 8 values of the children in the experimental group were significantly improved compared to the children of the control group, so this program was effective in enhancing the values of each of the 8 areas of personal financial management needed for children. In addition, the children in the experimental group showed significant improvement compared to the children in the control group in the cognitive, justice, and psychodynamic levels of values. It has also been found to be effective in enhancing as a result of the qualitative evaluation, various positive changes were found in the cognitive, affective, and psycho-dynamic dimensions about the values of each financial management area for children. From a positive perspective, it was found that it plays a useful role in cultivating the values of each area of positive personal financial management.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.155-176
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• 2005

본 연구의 목적은 어린이 도서관을 이용하는 어린이와 동반한 부모들이 가지는 어린이 도서관 이용행태와 어린이 도서관에 대한 인식을 조사하여 어린이 도서관 이용과 관리에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사하는데 있다. 연구 방법은 설문지법을 사용하였다. 조사는 전국의 4곳의 공공도서관의 어린이 열람실 및 어린이 도서관을 이용하는 이용자 중 자녀와 동반한 가족을 대상으로 실시되었다. 자료 분석 결과, 4개 도서관별로 차이가 나는 요인들 6가지가 나타났다. 파악된 주요 요인들은 주민의 도서관 이용행태에 따른 공간계획 필요 연령별 및 영역별 서가 형태 및 높이의 다양화, 어린이 흥미를 유발할 수 있는 공간 설치, 어린이의 도서관 활동의 안전성 확보, 어린이에게 정서적으로 안정된 공간 필요, 그리고 마지막으로 도서관 내부는 공간 이동이 용이한 형태이었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.198-212
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• 2001

This study was designed to compare the prevalence rate of obesity, food attitude, food frequency and food habits between children in Kangnung and Seoul areas. 1,005 children aged 9-12 were included in this study. They were composed of 343 children living in Kangnung from one elementary school, and 662 children in Seoul from two elementary schools. The body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences of children were measured and food frequency scores of Korean and Western foods were examined by questionnaire. And questionnaires about food attitude, food habits and life style were administered to the mother of each child. There was no significant difference in body weight and obesity index among three groups(one school of Kangnung area and two schools of Seoul area). The male children\`s prevalence rates of obesity in Kangnung and two schools(A, B) of Seoul were 10.3%, 10.3% and 7.3%, respectively. Female children\`s prevalence rate were 5.4%, 4.7%, and 6.3%, respectively. Children in Seoul turned out to more frequently eat such Korean foods like pulkogi, kalbi and fried rice and such western foods like butter, margarine, hamburger, pizza, and fried chicken. Children in Seoul had more tendency to eat regularly and spent less time in sleeping and watching TV and more time in exercise than the respondents in Kangnung. The obesity index of parents had a significantly positive correlation with that of children. These results suggest that children in Seoul have tendency to eat high-energy food frequently and to have more energy expenditure than children in Kangnung. In conclusion, further studies on the evaluation of energy intake and energy expenditure of obese and normal children different in area should be conducted. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1) : 198∼212, 2001)

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2009

This survey is to find out children' needs of D children's park to remodel into a new one and their common opinions about the child playground, and to contribute these results to drive alternative plans. This park is very old and located in detached residential area, Wooa-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeon-city. The survey was performed by a questionnaire, and the questionnaire was based on the relative literature reviews and was redesigned by researchers. Data were collected from 198 children, who had attended elementary school in Wooa-dong. By analyzing those data, findings were as follows: 1) Play experiences of D children's park were very important for children, so they remembered it. Above all, they remembered the perceptions of D children's park through playing on the playground facilities and the communication with their friends at that time. 2) Children would like to play creatively with facilities, but they need the traditional play facilities like a slide and a swing. So, it would be important for D children's park to plan well with the good facilities, and even it was mentioned in the literature reviews. The planning of park should be checked as an adventure playground, which can allow children to play creatively and with variety, however it should be still considered with some traditional playground facilities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 1971

Nutritional anemia is an important nutritional problem affecting large population groups in most developing countries. Nutritional anemia is caused by the absence of any dietary essential involed in hemoglobin formation or by poor absorption of these dietary components. The most likely causes are lack of dietary iron, and folate, vitamin $B_{12}$ and high qualify protein. Anemia is considered to be a late mainfeastation of nutritional deficiencies, and even mild anemia is not the earilest sign of such a deficiency. Therefore, the object of therapy is to correct underlying deficiency rather than merely its manifestation. Iron deficiency anemia is generally much the most common form of anemia. And it is very prevalent particularly in pregnant women and young children, especially under five year of life. According to the rapid growth rate of infants, dietary iron should he provided for infants over three months of age in adequate amounts for the synthesis of hemoglobin required by the increasing blood volume and for the demands of newly formed cells. The principal causes of iron deficiency anemia are an inadequate dietary iron content, interference with absorption of iron from the intestine, excessive losses of iron from the body, disturbance of iron metabolism by infection, and social and cultural environments. The present study is planned to obtain informations concerning nutritional anemia through anthropometric and biochemical determinations for the assessment of nutriture in pre-school children. Determination was taken in 226 pre-school children in ruraI arae in 1968, 122 pre-school children in 1970, and 1526 hospitalized pre-school children in 1970. The results of this study are as follows; (1) According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline (85 percentile) for weight, the proportions of underweighed pre-school boys and girls in rural area were 47.2% and 46.2% in1968, and were 36.1% and 51.8% in 1970. According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline for height, the proportions of underheight boys and girls in rural area were 30.5% and 33.7%, and were 26.2% and 21.8% in 1970. Malnutrition scores of underweight for height values of boys and girls in rural area were 19.3 and 17.3 in 1968, and the scores of boys and girls were 15.6 and 15.5 in 1970. (2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.2{\pm}1.8g/100ml\;and\;11.4{\pm}1.6g/100ml$ in 1968. In 1970, the mean values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.3{\pm}1.3g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$. The mean hemoglobin values of hospitalized boys and girls were $11.9{\pm}2.2g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$ in 1970. It is found that 92 of 215 children (42.7%) in rural area had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml in 1968. In 1970, 55 of 121 children (45.4%) in rural area and 559 of 1526 hospitalized children (36.6%) had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml. (3) The mean hematocrit levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $35{\pm}26.8%\;and\;35.4{\pm}6.4%$ in 1970. And 443 of 1334 hospitalized children (33.2%) had hematocrit values below 33%. (4) The average mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $32.4{\pm}2.2\;and\;32.3{\pm}2.2$ in 1970. And 1016 of 1352 hospitalized children (75.1%) had the mean corpuscular hemoglobin values below 34. (5) The mean iron values of young children in rural area and hospitalized children were $62.0{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;60.7{\pm}22.8{\mu}g/100ml$. The proportions of anemia cases below $50{\mu}g/100ml$ in rural area was 37.9%, and 34.3% in hospitalized children. (6) The mean total iron binding capacity of young children in rural area was $376{\pm}57.88{\mu}g/100ml,\;and\;342.2{\pm}6.15{\mu}g/100ml$ in hospitalized children. (7) The average transferrin saturation percentage of young children in rural area was $16.9{\pm}4.7%,\;and\;18.0{\pm}8.4%$ in hospitalized children. The proportions of anemia cases below 15% of young chi1dren in rural area and hospitalized children were 48.3% and 41.2%. Therefore, authors wish to recommend that the following further studies should be undertaken: (1) Standardization of simplied laboratory examination of nutritional anemia. (2) The prevalence of nutritional anemia and the requirements of iron, folate, and vitamin $B_{12}$ of pre-school children. (3) The content and absorption of iron in Korean food. (4) The pathogenesis of nutritional anemia and prevention of parasitic disease. (5) Maternal health and nutrition education.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제56호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2005

This paper analyzes the vocal tract area estimation algorithm used as a part of a speech analysis program to help deaf children correct their pronunciations by comparing their vocal tract shape with normal children's. Assuming that a vocal tract is a concatenation of cylinder tubes with a different cross section, we compute the relative vocal tract area of each tube using the reflection coefficients obtained from linear predictive coding. Then, we obtain the absolute vocal tract area by computing the height of lip opening with a formula modified for children's speech. Using the speech data for five Korean vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/), we investigate the effects of the sampling frequency, frame size, and model order on the estimated vocal tract shape. We compare the vocal tract shapes obtained from deaf and normal children's speech.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-72
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• 2011

Study on children from international marriage so far has been conducted focusing on the school-aged children, and it uniformly presents those children as a mere being with problem, overlooking regional variables of rural area. Hence, this study aims to seek various means of adaptation of children from international marriage by considering both variables rural area and adolescence. For this study, six children from international marriage living in the rural area of H county in Jeonlanamdo were chosen, in-dept interview were conducted, and Giorgi(1985) was used to analyze qualitative data. The results shows that these adolescences appear to have extensive experiences in the areas of learning, personal relationship, home and identity. Level of academic achievement was influenced by what school they attend to, and personal relationship aspect was affected by prejudice and discriminative perception from people around them. In addition, in home environment, hatred toward father, sympathy for mother, comparison with mothers who have great cultural adaptation skills, and pressure as the firstborn appear to be on the increase. Adolescent children tend to be addicted to internet games in order to escape from anxiety, experiencing identity crisis. They tend to be negative about international marriage of their parents, and exhibit behaviors refusing values and religious view of their parents. At the conclusion, limitation of the study and suggestion for further study are presented.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.793-800
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the food habits and nutrient intake of preschool children by investigating their food and snack consumption. To accomplish this, a food habit questionnaire and dietary intake survey was administered to 148 children between 2 and 6 years of age (average 4.8 years). According to the Kaup index, the underweight, normal, overweight and obesity levels of the subjects were 4.7, 60.1, 26.4, and 8.8%, respectively. In addition, the total energy intake met the EAR ($1433.94{\pm}369.70kcal$), whereas the protein, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B and vitamin C levels exceeded the EAR and the RI. Furthermore, the nutrient intake profile revealed that the mean caloric value of breakfasts consumed by preschool children in Daegu (403 kcal) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of preschool children in the Gyeongbuk area (271 kcal). Additionally, preschool children in Daegu ($382.96{\pm}255.79kcal$) usually consumed significantly (p<0.01) less food than those in the Gyeongbuk area ($413.82{\pm}275.43kcal$). The preferred snacks among subjects (in descending order) were milk, bread, fruit, potato or sweet potato and cookies. The mean score of the Food Habit was $3.72{\pm}0.35$ out of 5, although the score of preschool children in Daegu ($3.77{\pm}0.32$) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of children in the Gyeongbuk area ($3.65{\pm}0.32$). Taken together, these results indicate that there were significant differences in the Food Habit and nutrient intake level of children in Daegu and the Gyeongbuk area. Therefore, parents and caregivers should be aware of the importance of the nutritional status of preschool children and choose healthy snacks for them.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.375-387
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• 2010

The focus of this article is the strategies young children use to solve rectangular covering tasks before they have been taught area measurement. seventy nine children from Grade 1 to 4 were observed while they solved various array-based tasks, and their drawing and explanation were collected and analyzed. Children's solution strategies were classified into incomplete covering, inadequate array, array constructed from moveable unit, measurement of one dimension, measurement of two dimension, and calculation. Implications for the learning of area measurement are addressed.