• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.659-667
• /
• 2009

The primary object of this study was to examine both preferences in a variety of foods and snacks and the eating habits among young children (aged 13 months through 50 months old). In addition, this study examined whether there would be significant differences in the preferences and eating habits by of young children of different ages and gender of young children. This study included 193 infants (85 boys, 108 girls) of aged 13 through 50 months of old who were enrolled in early childhood education and care settings in Seoul and Gyunggi Province. The information regarding food and snack preferences among young children were gathered through surveys filled out by their mothers and the children's overall eating habits were assessed by their teachers. The main results of this study were as follows. Overall, there were some patterns in eating bere asss and food preferences in foods and snacks among young children. There were no significant differences in both eating bere asss and food preferences by gender of young children. But, however, there were significant differences in food (p<0.001) and snack preferences (p<0.001) by of children of different ages of young children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the probability of overweight throughout childhood in relation to the presence of overweight at birch or in early childhood, and presence of overweight in children's parents. Weight and height measures were collected at birth and at ages of 7, 10, 12 years from 655 6th grade primary schoolchildren. Childhood overweight was defined as a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex, and overweight in children's parents as a body mass index at or above 27. The prevalence of overweight increased with age of the children. Overweight at birth was not associated with overweight at 12 years of ages. However, overweight at 12 years old was already related to overweight at 7 years old. In comparison to non-overweight peers, overweight children at ages 7(OR = 7.64, 95% CI = 4.32-13.51) and 10 years(OR = 19.69, 95% CI = 11.42-33.94) had a higher rick of becoming overweight at 12 years of age. Among children who was overweight at age 7years, 60.7% remained overweight 5 years later, Yearly increment in BMI of overweight children was larger than that of non-obese children (1.15-1.65kg/m$^2$vs 0.50-0.71kg/m$^2$. As compared with the lower case in mealy increment of BMI, the probability of being overweight at age of 12 years was greater in higher case. BMI values at age 7years were positively correlated with BMI values at age of 10 and 127ear,i, and with annual increments in BMI. But those relationships with birth weight were not observed. Children were at greater risk for overweight if at least ogle parent was overweight. The odds ratio for child overweight associated with maternal overweight was 2.41(95% CI = 1,13-5.IS), and those associated with paternal overweight 1.70(95% CI = 0.92-3.17). And parents' BMIs were positively correlated with children's BMI values and yearly BMI increment. In conclusion, overweight at early childhood and annual inclement in BMI can be important in predicting the prevalence of overweight and the risk that overweight will remain after 7 years of age. The risk of being overweight throughout the childhood increases by the parents'overweight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.451-462
• /
• 2001

This study was designed to investigate nutrition intakes and its relation to the obesity and the prevalence of anemia in 252 children(136 boys, 116 girls) aged $2{\sim}6$ years. The hematological parameters, daily nutrient intakes and height and weight were measured. Calorie intakes of 2 and 3year-old-children were over their RDA while those of 4-6 years were below the RDA. Intakes of protein, P, and vit B complex were far over the RDA in all ages of children. Fe and vit A intakes were insufficient in all ages except 3 years while Ca intakes were insufficient in all ages except 2 and 3 years. About 18.2% of the children were evaluated as obese. However, very few children were anemic by hematologic parameters. The mean Hb concentrations were 12.2mg/dl in boys and also in girls. The mean Hct was 36.2% in boys, 35.8% in girls. Serum Fe concentration was 100.1mg/dl in boys, 101.1mg/dl in girls. RBC count was significantly higher in boys while MCH was significantly higher in girls. Intakes of protein, P, Fe, vit $B_1$, niacin, vit C were significantly higher in obese group compared to under weight group. There were significant positive correlations between protein intake and Hb, Hct, MCH, and MCHC. The correlation between Fe intake and Hb or Hct was not significant. In conclusion, it seems that the nutritional status of the most children was in very good condition. However, they needed to take more foods supplying Fe, Ca, and vit A.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.49-62
• /
• 1996

This paper is to examine the development of Korean young children's judgement on moral and conventional rules. The subjects are 120 children, 30 each at four age levels; age 3(2.8-3.5), age 4(3.7-4.4), age 5(4.8-5.5), and age 6(5.7-6.5) in a day care center in Taegu. Results are summarized as follows: 1. In terms of nonpermissibility, there was a significant difference in regard to the moral and the conventional rule transgression between the group of age 3 years and three groups of ages 4, 5, and 6. 2. In terms of seriousness, there was a significant difference according to domain. Three groups ages 4, 5 and 6 years evaluate moral transgressions to be more serious than conventional transgressions. 3. In terms of rule contingency and generalizability, there was a significant difference in regard to the moral and conventional transgression between the group of age 3 years and three groups of ages 4, 5 and 6. 4. In terms of punishment, there was significant difference according to domain. Three groups of age 4, 5, and 6 years evaluate moral transgressions to be more punishable than conventional transgressions. 5. Children of age 5 with institutional experience do not make a distinction between moral and conventional rules on punishment criterion.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.45-54
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' experiences of caregiving for their adult children with schizophrenia. Method: A iterative descriptive qualitative research design was used to understand and explain the caregiving experience from the perspective of mothers. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and one focus group interview from 11 mothers. The ages of the participants ranged from 50 to 60 years old and the ages of their sick children ranged from late 20s to early 40s, Results: Three major themes were identified from qualitative thematic analysis: (a) 'emotional debris from the disease,' (b) 'the disease that makes mothers dumb' (c) 'space of rational reason,' Conclusions: This study would provide health care professionals insights in establishing intervention for mothers by deeply understanding the process of recognition and acceptance of their children with schizophrenia.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate children's liquid conservation concept according to their ages and task-situations in the water evaporation phenomenon. Thirty from each 4-, 6- and 8-year-old age groups (total of 90 subjects) were selected for this study. The subjects were recruited from two day-care centers, a kindergarten, and an elementary school, in Seoul. Statistical methods used for data analysis were frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations and repeated measures ANOVA. As a result, there was a significant difference in children's liquid conservation concept in the evaporation of water according to their ages and task-situations. 8-year-old children showed levels of cognition than 4- and 6-year-olds. Children showed higher levels of cognition in the task of drying than in the task of water level changes.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.447-455
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's conception of liquid conservation according to their ages and tasks in the boiling phenomenon The subjects were thirty 4-year-olds, thirty 6-year-olds, and thirty 8-year-olds recruited from two day-care center, one kindergarten, and one elementary school, in Seoul. Statistical methods used for data analysis were frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations and repeated measures ANOVA. As the result, there was a significant difference in children's conception of liquid conservation in the boiling of water according to their ages. 8-year-old children showed higher levels of cognition than 4 and 6-year-olds. There was no difference in children's conception of liquid conservation in the boiling of water according to tasks.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.17-44
• /
• 1987

The study examined the characteristics of the relationship of home environment variables and children's social development. Two studies were conducted ; Study I examined (1) the correlation of home environment variables and children's social ability and (2) the predictability of home environment variables for children's social ability by children's age. Study II investigated the causal relationship among the variables which are supposed to affect children's social ability. The subjects of this study were 240 children at age four, six and eight attending nursery schools, kindergartens and elementary schools and their mothers. Instruments included the Inventory of Home Stimulation (HOME), the Inventory of Sociodemographic Variables, social maturation scale, and the social-emotional developmental rating scale. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) Home environment variables had a positive correlation with children's social development at age four and six, but at age eight, only HOME variables had a significant positive correlation with children's social development. 2) The home environmental variables that significantly predicted children's social development differed according to children's age. That is, play materials, economic status of the home, and parent education were predictive of children's social development at age four, while parent's education, fostering maturity and independence, and play materials were predictive at age six. Fostering maturity and independence, aspects of physical environment, and economic status of the home were predictive at age eight. 3) The causal model of home environment effect on children's social development was formulated by exogenous variables (parent education and economic status of the home) and endogenous variables (direct stimulation, indirect stimulation and the emotional climate of the home). 4) The results of the analysis of the causal model showed that the variables that have a direct effect on children's social development differed according to children's age. That is, direct stimulation had more effect on children's social development at earlier ages, and indirect stimulation had more effect on children's social development at later ages. Among socio-demographic variables, parent's education was most closely related to children's social development. The amount of variance that explained children's social development decreased with increase in children's age.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2009

This study investigated the determination of speech rates, words per minute (WPM) and syllables per minute (SPM), of $5{\sim}7$ year-old normal children to understand if there are any differences in the rates according to the children's age and sex. All participants were required to conduct story retelling tasks (SRT) and picture description tasks (PDT). In SRT, there was a significant difference between the groups of 5 year-old and 7 year-old children on WPM. However, there was no significant difference between the groups of ages regarding SPM. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups according to sex on WPM and SPM. In PDT, there was no significant difference between the groups according to their ages and sex on WPM and SPM. The current research found that the speech rates of the preschool children might be somewhat different in their utterance abilities according to their age, but there was no obvious difference according to their sex. The findings can advance development of a clinical tool to screen children with fluency disorders and to determine the steps in establishing speech rates of children in the language development period.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.2
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 1981

The purpose of this study was to find out conservation concept acquisition in children of pre-operational and concrete periods. The data in this study were obtained through experimental methods with 62 children(28 males and 34 females) of 3-11 ages in Korean rural areas. The Piagetian instruments devised by Gelman were used for the study ; length, liquid, quantity, mass, and volume conservation tasks. Percentile and $x^2$-test were applied for the statistical analysis of data: and the results of the experiment are as follows: 1) Most children aged 3-9 years did not appear to understand that the length of sticks stayed the same regardless of position. 2) In liquid quantity conservation, children centered their attentions on one aspect ; juice level or number of container. Their conservation concept was developed correlating with ages. 3) In the experiment of mass conservation by using play dough, only 7.1% of children of pre-operational period and 47.1% of concrete period affirmed that the amounts of play dough were same after changed shape. 4) In volume task, 29.4% children aged 7 to 11 years admitted to conservation. 5) It is found that girls acquired length conservation earlier than boys, while there was no significant difference between boys and girls in other conservation tasks.