• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2020

Background: Dose conversion coefficients (DCCs) have been commonly used to estimate radiation-dose absorption by human organs based on physical measurements of fluence or kerma. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has reported a library of DCCs, but few studies have been conducted on their applicability to non-Caucasian populations. In the present study, we collected a total of 8 Korean pediatric and adult voxel phantoms to calculate the organ DCCs for idealized external photon-irradiation geometries. Materials and Methods: We adopted one pediatric female phantom (ETRI Child), two adult female phantoms (KORWOMAN and HDRK Female), and five adult male phantoms (KORMAN, ETRI Man, KTMAN1, KTMAN2, and HDRK Man). A general-purpose Monte Carlo radiation transport code, MCNPX2.7 (Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport extended version 2.7), was employed to calculate the DCCs for 13 major radiosensitive organs in six irradiation geometries (anteroposterior, posteroanterior, right lateral, left lateral, rotational, and isotropic) and 33 photon energy bins (0.01-20 MeV). Results and Discussion: The DCCs for major radiosensitive organs (e.g., lungs and colon) in anteroposterior geometry agreed reasonably well across the 8 Korean phantoms, whereas those for deep-seated organs (e.g., gonads) varied significantly. The DCCs of the child phantom were greater than those of the adult phantoms. A comparison with the ICRP Publication 116 data showed reasonable agreements with the Korean phantom-based data. The variations in organ DCCs were well explained using the distribution of organ depths from the phantom surface. Conclusion: A library of dose conversion coefficients for major radiosensitive organs in a series of pediatric and adult Korean voxel phantoms was established and compared with the reference data from the ICRP. This comparison showed that our Korean phantom-based data agrees reasonably with the ICRP reference data.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.357-365
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• 2008

The Korean Government is enforcing policies to activate domestic adoption in order to guarantee and protect stable family lives of children requiring protection. We surveyed recognitions and attitudes toward adoption and adoption policies of Daejeon citizens. The result will be important information for activating domestic adoption. We could find that motives of adoption centered on adopted children rather than adoptive parents. Especially, the recognition level toward open adoption is high, which shows that the domestic adoption can be activated if multiple political supports are provided for adopted children and adoptive families.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.127-141
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to figure out early childhood teachers' perception on rights of young children and what they do to implement the perceived rights of young children in early childhood settings. Methods: Two individual and two group interviews were conducted. First, individual interviews were held with one childcare center teacher, and then interviews were held with one kindergarten teacher. Both group interviews were conducted with three different kindergarten teachers. All interviews were held two times. Recorded and transcribed interview data were analyzed. Results: The results are as follows. First, participants perceived rights as natural, protective, expressive, equally respectful, and joyful but understood differently from that of adults due to developmental status of young children, which included rights to life, equality, participation, protection, and happiness. Second, teachers remarked that they used strategies to project young children's emotions to implement perception on rights to life and happiness, discern deprivation from violation for rights to protection and equality, and set rules and have double standards utilizing resources around, for rights to participation. Conclusion/Implications: These results have implication for organizing contents for rights education for early childhood teachers.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-21
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• 2019

Purpose: Institutional review board (IRB) classifies risks of clinical trials into less than minimal risk, minor increase over minimal risk, and more than minimal risk. Based on classification and evaluation for risk, IRB decides whether permitting consent exemption or asking additional protection for clinical research subject or not. The purpose of this study is to analyze how IRB members evaluate minimal risk by sending questionnaire survey with 12 predetermined scenarios. Methods: IRB members and researchers (pediatrician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, and neurosurgeon) in 11 different hospitals were asked to answer survey questions via email or online. We analyzed the differences of answers among several subgroups in each predetermined scenarios. Result: Responders were 212 personnel(110 researchers and 102 IRB members) from 11 centers. There were significant differences between IRB members and researchers in response such as blood sampling, skin prick test, one time catheterization in a girl, spinal tapping in child, non-enhance MRI in child, non-enhance MRI with chrolal hydrate in a child, spinal tapping without anesthesia in adult, bioequivalence test, gastric endoscopy, and non-enhance CT. significant differences between medical IRB members and non-medical members were also revealed in one time catheterization in a girl, spinal tapping in a child, non-enhance MRI in a child, bioequivalence test. Depending on researchers' department, they responded differently in several questionnaires as well. Conclusions: We have found that IRB members and researchers evaluate the risks differently. Researchers compared to IRB members, medical IRB members compared to non-medical members answered less than minimal risk in many cases. In assessing and evaluating the risks associated with the study, medical IRB members answered predetermined scenarios as less dangerous compared to non-medical IRB members. Difference among researchers where also revealed significantly. Researchers answered predetermined scenarios as less dangerous compare to other department researchers, especially in predetermined scenarios containing procedures they are familiar with.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.4-14
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• 2023

This study aimed to discuss mental health services for children and adolescents that are being implemented as initiatives of the Korean government and to review the functions and roles of these projects during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three government departments are in charge of providing mental health services for children and adolescents: Ministry of Education, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Ministry of Education has implemented several policies to facilitate the early detection of mental health issues among school students (from preventive interventions to selective interventions for high-risk students). The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family additionally serves out-of-school children and adolescents by facilitating early identification of adolescents in crises and providing temporary protection or emergency assistance (as required) through the Community Youth Safety-Net Project. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health and Welfare operates relevant mental health agencies for individuals of all ages including children and adolescents. Any high-risk students who have been screened through the projects of the Ministry of Education are supported through referrals to the following institutions for appropriate treatment of their symptoms: specialized hospitals, the Youth Counseling and Welfare Center operated by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, the National Youth Healing Center, the Mental Health Welfare Center operated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Suicide Prevention Center, and the Child Welfare Center. To assist students who are facing any psychological difficulties because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Education has established a psychiatric support group for providing emergency mental health care; furthermore, schools are promoting psychological surveillance (e.g., provision of non-face-to-face counseling services that are centered around the Wee Center). The Ministry of Education, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and Ministry of Health and Welfare have provided varied mental health support services in order to address the challenges faced by children and adolescents during the pandemic. Nevertheless, the mental health services operated by each ministry do show some limitations because their service provision system is insufficiently collaborative. The present study discussed the positive effects of each initiative as well as its limitations; furthermore, it suggested improvements for facilitating the healthy development of children and adolescents' mental health.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.47-64
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• 2023

In this study, the recognition of child abuse and neglect (CAN) and reporting attitudes of general dentists and pediatric dentists in Korea were estimated. A survey was conducted among dentists working at clinics or university hospitals, including interns and residents at dental hospital training institutions. The questionnaire, consisting of 32 questions and detailed questions, subdivided into 'general characteristics of respondents', 'CAN', 'CAN report', 'laws to CAN', 'countermeasures against CAN'. The survey was conducted using a messenger, and 176 respondents' answers were analyzed. The recognition of CAN showed high scores in the order of physical abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse. The positive attitude toward reporting CAN had a higher score than the negative attitude. Of the total respondents, 19 said they reported child abuse, and 18 said they were suspected of child abuse but hesitated to report it. Among the laws related to CAN, the protection measures for CAN reporters and the protocol for CAN showed low awareness. Since then, they have wanted to know how to find abused children and how to deal with them in education. This study is expected to be used as data to improve dentists' awareness and consciousness of CAN in the future.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.30-38
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• 2022

As of 2020, 1,564 roundabouts have been installed and operated to prevent major traffic accidents and promote safe and smooth passage over the past 10 years. According to the Korea Transportation Research Institute, the number of accidents decreased by an average of 43.8% per year, fatal accidents by 50%, and serious injuries by 48.1%, confirming the safety effect. However, most intersections with high pedestrian traffic, such as children's protection areas near elementary schools, operate signal intersections. Therefore, in this study, a simulation was performed through the VISSM program to conduct a study on the pedestrian-centered roundabout installation method. This study was conducted to ensure that pedestrians can have the right of way safely by installing and operating traffic lights at crosswalks on roundabouts located in urban areas or child protection zones.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2014

An increasing number of children are now using the Internet. They are starting at a younger age, using a variety of devices and spending more time online. It becomes an important problem to protect the children in online environment. The Internet can be a major channel for their education, creativity and self-expression. However, it also carries a spectrum of risks to which children are more vulnerable than adults. In order to solve these problems, we suggested a binding model of user attributes for enhanced user authentication. We also studied the requirements and prerequisites of a binding model of user attributes. In this paper we described the architecture of binding model of user attributes and showed the effectiveness of the suggested model using simulation. This model can be utilized to enhanced user authentication and service authorization.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.8-13
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• 2008

Since hundreds thousands of pedestrians are killed or injured in car accidents every year, a variety of research efforts have been performed to protect pedestrians in pedestrian-vehicle crashes. The IHRA reports that injuries on the child head, the adult head, and the adult lower leg/knee are the most critical in the crashes. Identifying the current status of international activities on pedestrian protection, this study, in particular, carries out headform impact test using selected domestic vehicles categorized by three groups - Sedan, SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle), and 1 Box (One Box) Vehicle. According to the valuable findings from the test results, this paper proposes a methodology under which the Korean Technical Regulation for protecting pedestrians in pedestrian-vehicle crashes will be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.109-122
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• 2011

The major purpose of this research was to explore the mediating effects of ego-resiliency between parent communication style and stress coping styles in adolescence. The subjects who participated in this study included 247 high school students from Gyeong-gi province. They completed questionnaires on parent-adolescent communication, ego-resilience, and stress coping styles using the cognitive appraisal model by Lazarus & Folkman(1984). Data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. It was found that parent-adolescence communication as well as ego-resilience had significant effects on stress coping styles. In particular, female teenagers showed evidence that ego-resilience had complete mediation over relationships between a parent's communication styles and their stress coping styles.