• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1080-1091
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• 2018

The eggshell, which is a complex and highly ordered structure, is very important factor for food safety and egg marketing. This study investigated the changes in eggshell structure and shell components in relationship to hen age. For this study, we examined the histological change of the endometrium of the 30-, 60-, and 72-wk-old commercial layers, and analyzed the ultrastructure and ionic composition of their eggshells. The results showed that histological deformation, fibrosis, atrophy and elimination of micro-villi in the uterus endometrium were found through microscopic observation that was associated with increasing hen age. Concentration of blood-ion components such as $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Cl^-$ ions did not change with age. Along with the results from the ultrastructure analysis of the eggshell, the palisade layer ratio and the density of mammillary knobs were significantly decreased in older hens. In addition, the type B mammillary knobs were frequently observed with increasing hen age. In the mineral element assay from the eggshell, $Ca^{2+}$, $S^{2-}$, and $Co^{2+}$ significantly decreased with increasing hen age, whereas $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $V^{2+}$ significantly increased. Therefore, the damages of endometrial tissue inhibit the processes of ion transmission and the crystallization of eggshell formation, resulting in a large and non-uniform mammillary knob formation. This means the conditions of endometrial cells affect the formation of the eggshell structure. In conclusion, hen aging causes the weakness of the eggshell and degrades the eggshell quality.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.262-272
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• 1984

A study on the balance of essential amino acids in Korean diet and further investigation on quality of protein through optimum combination of foods using the least square method based on FAO/WHO (1973) provisional score patterns were carried out The results of the optimum gross combination are summarized as follows: 1) The first limiting amino acids of the Korean diet was found to be methionine and cysteine based on both whole egg and FAO/WHO (1973) provisional score patterns. 2) Weight ratios between rice and beef, chicken, pork, rabbit meat are 7 : 3, 4 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1. The amino acid score and the least amino acid are 100(phe+tyr), 99(thr), 111(trp), and 109(leu) for each combination. This result indicates that pork and rabbit meat can be high quality protein sources for the rice eating people. 3) Weight ratios between rice and anchovy, saury, ark shell, pollack, cuttle fish, tuna and herring are 2 : 1, 5 : 1, 3 : 2, 3 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1. 4) Weight ratios between potato and rice, wheat flour are 8 : 1 and 24 : 1. Lysine, the limiting amino acid of rice and wheat flour can be complemented by combining these with potato. 5) It is possible to apply this idea on typical Korean dishes. For example, in case of soybean-sprout rice the optimum combinations of rice : soybean-sprout : pork and rice : soybean-sprout : beef are 4 : 1 : 1 and 11 : 1 : 5. It is of utmost importance to pursue further more desirable combinations with more complex food items and transform the result obtained by the computer analysis into more practical terms for practical use.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 2003

To determine levels of PCBs in food, beef, pork, chicken, egg, mackerel, yellow croaker, anchovy, common squid and little neck clam were chosen and collected at markets in Seoul, Busan and Kwangju. Among 209 PCB congeners, 7 congeners (#28, #52, #101, #118, #138, #153 and #180) were selected as target compounds that were known as indicator congeners. Samples were homogenized, treated in alkali solution for 1 hour, and extracted with organic solvents. After extraction, extracts were cleaned up by sulfuric acid, purified on silica gel column chromatography, analyzed by dual column-HRGC/ECD and then confirmed by HRGC/MSD. As results, PCBs were detected in fish samples ranged from 0.0002 to 0.001 mg/kg. Both PCB #101 and PCB #118 were the major contributors among 7 congeners.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.280-287
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• 2015

Current influenza vaccines are produced in embryonated chicken eggs. However, egg-based vaccines have various problems. To address these problems, recombinant protein vaccines have been developed as new vaccine candidates. Unfortunately, recombinant proteins frequently encounter aggregation and low stability during their biogenesis. It has been previously demonstrated that recombinantly expressed proteins can be greatly stabilized with high solubility by fusing stabilizing peptide (SP) derived from the C-terminal acidic tail of human synuclein (ATS). To investigate whether SP fusion proteins can induce protective immunity in mice, we produced influenza HA and SP fusion protein using a baculovirus expression system. In in vitro tests, SP-fused recombinant HA1 (SP-rHA1) was shown to be more stable than recombinant HA1 (rHA1). Mice were immunized intramuscularly with baculovirus-expressed rHA1 protein or SP-rHA1 protein ($2{\mu}g/mouse$) formulated with aluminum hydroxide. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assay. We observed that SP-rHA1 immunization elicited HA-specific antibody responses that were comparable to rHA1 immunization. These results indicate that fusion of SP to rHA1 does not negatively affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate. Therefore, it is possible to apply SP fusion technology to develop stable recombinant protein vaccines with high solubility.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2011

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) has been a major causative agent of food-borne human disease due to consumption of contaminated eggs and poultry meat. To prevent SE infection in poultry, and therefore minimize human infections, vaccination with either killed or live SE vaccine is suggested. We evaluated a newly developed killed bacterin using a representative SE isolate in Korea. Among pool of SE isolates, two highly virulent isolates (the one isolate from chicken, the other from human) were selected by measuring mortality in mouse and chickens administered. The chickens were injected intramuscularly with killed vaccine and were challenged with highly virulent SE strain 3 week after vaccination. The recovered colony count (cfu/g) of spleen and cecal content in the vaccinated groups was reduced compared with those of the unvaccinated control group. The antibody level in the vaccinated groups was higher at 3 week post vaccination. These results indicate that vaccination with killed vaccine was effective in preventing the infection of virulent SE. Further study for a large number of layers should be needed for the effect of egg production, SE shedding in feces, persistence of antibody level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.586-604
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• 2005

A reliable nutrient database is a prerequisite for accurate calculation of dietary intakes. The folate database currently available in Korea, however, is not reliable because the values were obtained from published data in other countries using ineffective methods to extract folates from the food matrix. The purpose of this study was to complement the folate database by analyzing folate content in foods using a more effective method to extract food folates (trienzyme treatment). Folate content per unit weight was highest in laver, fermented soybeans, soybean, spinach, black soybeans, crown daisy, mung beans, and quail's egg in descending order. Legumes, leafy greens, eggs, and seaweeds were rich in folate, and meats, chicken, fish, and some fruits contained less folate. Some of the analyzed values were 10 times higher than those in the currently available database. Folate values of 423 foodcodes out of 2,932 foodcodes ($14.4\%$) in the database in the 7th revision in the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans can be replaced by those analyzed in this study. Since folate values of rice and Kimchi, which are core dishes of Koreans, in the newly established database are higher than those in the current database, folate intake assessed using our data will be higher than that using the current available database. Folate content in more foods commonly consumed in Korea are needed to update the folate database. Meanwhile, folate values presented here can be used to assess dietary folate intake of the Korean population.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.1-21
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• 2016

This article examined the different types of Jeonuhwa as recorded in 16 royal palace studies from the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909). The ingredients used in Jeonuhwa during the Joseon dynasty were categorized as follows: 16.0% for gray mullet(秀魚) and fish(生鮮), 14.2% each for liver and cow stomach, 12.3% for sea cucumber(海蔘), 4.7% each for crab(蟹), clam(生蛤), and chunyup(千葉), 3.9% each for pork meat(豬肉), octopus, 2.8% each for oyster(石花), pheasant(生雉), and chicken(鷄), 2.0% each for croaker(民魚), and brain (骨), 0.9% each for duck(鴨子), pigeon(山鳩), dobi(都飛), snapper, white fish(白魚), mussel(紅蛤), haeran(蟹卵), quail(鶉鳥), egg(鷄卵), and sesame(實荏子). This observation may be associated with commercial industrial development that prevailed during the late Joseon dynasty. Further studies will be conducted on recipes and ingredients recorded in Euigwe in order to develop a standardized recipe for Jeonuhwa.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.401-412
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• 2000

Like other livestock, monogastric animals are essential components of the farming systems in the tropical countries. Pigs, chicken and ducks are by far the most important animals in the culture of the peoples of developing countries in the tropics. Traditionally these animals are raised in small farms and they are also the bulk producers of meat, eggs etc. in the tropics. In many countries the farmers of these small farms are unable to meet the requirement set by financial institution and other loan giving agencies for agricultural loan. Thus, the small farmers can get neither the opportunity to generate sufficient income to support the family nor to extend the livestock activities. The production systems are characterized by small number of animals with no or minimal inputs, low outputs and periodic destruction of animals by disease. Typically the litter size or flocks are small in number with each household containing 5-6 pigs and 7-10 poultry. Animals are owned by individual households and mostly maintained under a scavenging systems with little or no inputs for housing, feeding or health care. Because of the nature of this production system, productivity of these animals is rather low. The low level of inputs is due to a lack of capital and a low risk oriented outlook. The feed resource base for monogastric is scavenging and consists of household waste, roots and tuber, grain by-products and anything edible found in the immediate environment. Usually farmers select breeding gilts from their own female piglets or to a lesser extent, buy them from neighbors for natural mating. As regards poultry attempts have been made to increase egg and meat production by improving local poultry birds by upgrading and crossbreeding with exotic germ plasma in the tropics. Animal disease present a major constraint to animal production in the tropical region and the extent of the losses due to disease is very high.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.630-639
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• 2010

Immune response and yolk cholesterol are crucial factors for commercial chicken producers. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of selenium-enriched Japanese radish sprouts (Se-enriched JRS) and R. capsulatus synergistically on immune response and cholesterol in laying hens. A total of 50 laying hens (20-wk old) were assigned to 5 dietary treatment groups, and fed diets supplemented with 2.5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS and 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus (0.02%). Egg production and yolk color were significantly improved by the supplementation of Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus in the layer diet (p<0.05). Compared to the control, serum cholesterol concentration and triglyceride levels were decreased by all the treatments (p<0.05). After 8-wk of the experiment, supplementation of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ and Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus significantly reduced yolk cholesterol and triglycerides, while the greatest reduction was observed when R. capsulatus was incorporated with Se-enriched JRS. Spleen, bursa and thymus weight were significantly increased by both the 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ and 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS. Compared to the control, supplementation of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ and 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ Se-enriched JRS significantly increased serum IgG and yolk IgY concentration and foot web index activity by Newcastle Disease Virus (p<0.05). After 4-wk and 8-wk of supplementation, the highest number of leukocytes was observed with Se-enriched JRS+R. capsulatus (p<0.05). The highest concentration of serum and yolk Se was found in Se-enriched JRS plus R. capsulatus treatment. Combined dietary supplementation of Se-enriched JRS and R. capsulatus might be beneficial for better health, disease protection and overall production performance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.520-528
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the intake of dietary cholesterol and its major food sources in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: A total of 20,671 nationally representative sample who had 24-hour recall data from the KNHANES VI (2013-2015) was included in this study. Mean cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans were analyzed. Intakes of cholesterol by food groups or each food were calculated to find out the major food sources for cholesterol intake in Koreans. Results: The mean dietary cholesterol intake was 261.3 mg, which was higher in men (303.5 mg) compared to women (219.1 mg). Dietary cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were the highest in the 19-29 year old group. The eggs was the first major food group source for cholesterol intake in all age groups. Major food sources for cholesterol intake among Korean were egg, chicken, pork, squid and beef, which contributed 66.9% to total cholesterol intake. Conclusions: Although the mean dietary cholesterol intake was under 300 mg, the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs was about 30% in adults. Because both the mean intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were higher in young adult groups, the dietary cholesterol intake was expected to be increased.