• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 2007

Occurrence of popcorn disease on mulberry fruits was surveyed in several locations in Korea from 2005 to 2007. The diseased fruits turned grayish white and changed to hard and black sclerotia during overwintering after falling onto the ground. Apothecia produced from overwintered sclerotia in the fields of mulberry trees were observed in early May. Two types of apothecia were produced from the sclerotia, which were cup-shaped or club-shaped. The fungus with cup-shaped apothecia was identified as Ciboria shiraiana, and that with club-shaped apothecia as Scleromitrula shiraiana. C. shiraiana occurred at the ratio of about 6 vs. 4 in the fields. Occurrence of the disease differed remarkably depending on years, locations, and varieties of mulberry trees investigated. Field survey of the disease incidence showed that Baekhahyeongsang, Dahojosaeng, Hasusang, a native variety and Sawonppong 22 were resistant to the disease, Cheongilppong, Daeseongppong, Guksang 20 and Turkey-D were moderately susceptible, and Cateneo, Moreji and Sanggwa were highly susceptible. Disease incidence in the fields mulched with nonwoven fabrics or plastic films was much lower than that in the non-mulched fields. Disease incidence in the fields mulched with rice straws was similar to that in the non-mulched fields.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2012

To develop high value added healthy functional resource from Korean mulberry, the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of three different mulberry cultivars were investigated and compared with blueberry and strawberry. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and trans-resveratrol of 'Daesungppong' were the highest than the 'Suwonppong', whereas those of the strawberries were the lowest. In case of total anthocyanins, 'Daesungppong' was also the highest and followed by blueberry. The antioxidant activities of 'Daesungppong' using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays were the highest followed by 'Suwonppong'. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in the antioxidant activities between 'Cheongilppong' and blueberry, and the activities of strawberry were the lowest. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation (r = 0.764-0.897) between DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays with the bioactive compounds such as total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins. Therefore, Korean mulberry, especially 'Daesungppong' demonstrated interesting biological properties that suggest its use as a potential source and high value added of natural antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of water and 80% ethanol extracts from one hundred eight mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) to influence the inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). The total phenol contents were that water extracts of ten species (Kakjayongsan (Morus alba L.), Daejungsun (Morus alba L.) etc.) and 80% ethanol extracts of twenty three species (Waryoung (Morus alba L.), Hasusang (Morus alba L.) etc.) showed more than 15 mg/g. The inhibitory activity on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were that ten species (YamanakkadakKaskke (Morus alba L.), Mijiro (Morus alba L.) etc.) showed 100% inhibition rate both of water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts. The rest, water extracts of thirty four species (Cheongilppong (Morus alba L.) etc.) and 80% ethanol extracts of thirty four species (Wonjukojo (Morus alba L.) etc.) showed inhibitory activity (above 90%) on ACE. Also, to search of xanthine oxidase (XOase) inhibition were that water extracts of five species (Cheongsipjosaeng (Morus alba L.), Suwon 3 (Morus alba L.) etc.) and 80% ethanol extracts of Jeokmok (Morus alba L.) showed inhibitory activity (above 50%) on XOase. This result revealed, strong biological activity in spite of has a little total phenol contents. These water and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) are expected good candidate for development into anti-hypertentive and anti-gout sources.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.877-885
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• 2013

Wine extracts of four different berry fruits, such as mulberry, blueberry, strawberry, and raspberry, were investigated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activities by using in vitro assays. Additionally, quantitative changes of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor in mulberry wine were determined by HPLC according to mulberry cultivars and fermentation process. Among four berry wines examined, mulberry wine showed the most potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with 69.37% at 0.23 mg/mL, while blueberry and strawberry wines exhibited the strongest inhibition against DPPH radical and tyrosinase activity, respectively. Four compounds were isolated and purified from mulberry wine by a series of isolation procedures, such as solvent fractionation, and Diaion HP-20, ODS-A, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Among them, Comp. 4 exerted the strongest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity ($I_C_{50}=31.57{\mu}M$), and its chemical structure was identified as quercetin by UV and NMR spectral analysis. Finally, the "Daeseongppong" (16.83 ppm) muberry wine had larger amount of quercetin than the "Iksuppong" (14.85 ppm) and "Cheongilppong" (8.92 ppm) mulberry wines, but their contents of three mulberry wines decreased considerably with aging process. These results suggest that mulberry wine containing quercetin acted as ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor may be useful as a potential functional wine for improving diabetic disorder.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

Resveratrol has been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and reduced cancer risk. This phytochemical has been reported in a number of plant species including grapes, peanuts and pine trees in response to stress such as fungal infection, heavy metal ions or UV irradiation. The objective of this study was to determine the resveratrol contents in leaves of mulberry varieties at different collecting times. Quantitative analysis of 16 cultivars showed a range of $102{\sim}466{\mu}g/100g$ on dry weight basis (which is equivalent to $25{\sim}116.5{\mu}g/100g$ on fresh weight basis). Resveratrol contents in mulberry leaves was higher in autumn than spring, and higher in fully matured leaves than in juvenile leaves. Among the tested samples, 'Kaeryangppong', 'Sugeppong' and 'Cheongilppong' collected in the middle of October showed high resveratrol contents of $838{\mu}g/100g$, $803{\mu}g/100g$, $800{\mu}g/100g$ on dry weight basis, respectively. Especially mulberry leaves dried in the shade showed of $1,030{\mu}g/100g$ on dry weight basis in resveratrol content, this result may contribute to utilization of mulberry leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 2011

Eleven polyphenolic compounds, including procatechuic and chlorogenic acids, (+)-dihydroquercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, (+)-dihydrokaempferol, trans-resveratrol, moracin, quercetin and 4-prenylmoracin were isolated and purified from the methanolic extract of defatted mulberry seed residue by a series of column chromatography including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS-A, and their chemical structures were identified by spectral analysis. The antioxidant activities of the eleven isolated polyphenolic compounds were measured spectrophotometrically using DPPH radical. Among the eleven polyphenolic compounds tested, rutin ($IC_{50}=20.2\;{\mu}M$), isoquercitrin ($IC_{50}=22.5\;{\mu}M$), quercitrin ($IC_{50}=24.6\;{\mu}M$), quercetin ($IC_{50}=27.8\;{\mu}M$), (+)-dihydroquercetin ($IC_{50}=28.9\;{\mu}M$), and chlorogenic acid ($IC_{50}=30.6\;{\mu}M$) exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than L-ascorbic acid ($IC_{50}=31.5\;{\mu}M$) and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($IC_{50}=52.3\;{\mu}M$), whereas procatechuic acid ($IC_{50}=68.2\;{\mu}M$) showed lower activity. In addition, (+)-dihydrokaempferol ($IC_{50}=33.8\;{\mu}M$), trans-resveratrol ($IC_{50}=36.2\;{\mu}M$), moracin ($IC_{50}=47.6\;{\mu}M$), and 4-prenylmoracin ($IC_{50}=48.2\;{\mu}M$) exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. Furthermore, levels of the eleven polyphenolic compounds from three different types of mulberry seeds were quantified by HPLC, and their contents were as follows: rutin (311~60.0 mg/100 g)> quercitrin (7.2~34.2 mg/100 g)> (+)-dihydroquercetin (13.2~33.1 mg/100 g)> quercetin (15.8~19.5 mg/100 g)> 4-prenylmoracin (10.5~43.3 mg/100 g)> isoquercitrin (5.8~15.4 mg/100 g)> chlorogenic acid (0.0~15.3 mg/100 g)> moracin (4.7~7.2 mg/100 g)> procatechuic acid (0.0~11.6 mg/100 g)> (+)-dihydrokaempferol and trans-resveratrol (<0.1 mg/100 g). The 'Daesungppong' mulberry seeds among the three cultivars had higher flavonoid contents, such as rutin and quercetin derivatives, while the 'Iksuppong' seeds had the highest contents of phenolic acids and moracin derivatives. 'Cheongilppong' had lower amounts of polyphenolic compounds than the other two mulberry seeds. These results indicate that mulberry seeds containing antioxidant polyphenolic compounds may be potentially useful sources of anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-aging agents for functional foods and cosmetics.