• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.194-200
• /
• 2020

Objectives: In this study, the content of the honey produced by the flora of Turkey', physical, chemical and biological research aimed at active properties. Methods: Searched the database EMBASE/Pubmed and Turkish Medicine Index research article about Turkiye honeys' specialities. Results: Different botanical sources were caused, different kinds of chemical compositions of the honeys. The amount of HMF, pH, moisture, and acidity are the chemical qulity criteria of the honey. Carbohydrates are seem the most important components of honey. The glycemic index of the consumed honey is important. Turkiye's honey quality seems apropiate for using apitherapy. Conclusion: Honey is the most important product of beekeeping all over the world in terms of economy and health. Manufacturers of honey should be careful while producing honey. They should be avoided unhealty situations and they should be obey the rules. These rules are the basis for protecting our health by consuming bee products.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.397-401
• /
• 2016

The quality control is a fundamental procedure for the standardization of herbal medicine to guarantee the consistency of efficacy and safety. For a long time, the quality analysis of herbal medicine has been largely dependent on the routine sensory evaluation, such as taste, smell, color, and shape. However, with the recent development of analytical instruments, various scientific approaches have been introduced in this field. On the basis of the theory that the biological activities of herbal medicine are mainly contributed by its chemical compositions, several types of chemical markers have been suggested for the quality evaluation. In addition to the analytical methods for the specific marker compound(s), including analytical marker and active marker, recently, chemical fingerprinting, a method comparing the chromatographic pattern of the whole chemical components, has been developed and widely accepted as a reliable approach for the quality control of herbal medicine. Moreover, in order to exactly understand the relationship between complex compounds and their holistic biological activities in herbal medicine, unique strategies, such as "BECCs (bioactive equivalent combinatorial components)" and "PhytomicsQC" have been established. In this article, we give an overview of the several categories of chemical markers and the recent research trends for the quality evaluation of herbal medicine.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2007

The purposes of the study were to analyze the seasonal effects on the fish fauna and compositions including trophic guilds and tolerance guilds. For the study, we collected fish samples twice in June as premonsoon period and early September 2007 as monsoon periods in five sampling sites of the Gap Stream, and then biological oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients (TN, TP) and suspended solids (SS) were compared with the guild data along the gradient of upstream-to-downstream. Chemical water quality, based on BOD, TP, and TN degraded gradually from the upstream to downstream reach and there were about 3 fold difference between S1 and S5. Water quality was worse in the premonsoon than the monsoon, and the heavy monsoon resulted in a dilution of the polluted river by rain water, especially, in the downstream reach. Total number of fish species, based on the catch per unit effort (CPUE), showed a distinct difference between the two seasons; 30 species were sampled in premonsoon, but 23 species were sampled in the monsoon, indicating a seasonal difference in the fish fauna. Tolerant species dominated the fish community (48.3%) in the stream, and the proportions prior to physical disturbance by the monsoon rain were evidently greater in the downstream reach than the upstream. This reflected the characteristics of urban stream polluted by nutrient enrichment as shown in the BOD and TP values. Sensitive species in the premonsoon decreased from the gradient of upstream-to-downstream reach. Such seasonal modifications in the trophic and tolerance guilds were evident. In the analysis of trophic guild and habitat guild, during the premonsoon the proportion of insectivore and riffle-benthic species were largely greater in the upstream reach than the downstream, whereas the proportions were opposite along the gradient of the stream in monsoon. Thus, the patterns of chemical water quality along the longitudinal gradients reflected the premonsoon conditions of insectivores and tolerant species, indicating that summer monsoon data of fish may not match with water quality due to large physical disturbance by flow regime. Seasonal monsoon in this region as well as the chemical pollution may act as a key role influencing the fish compositions of trophic and tolerance guilds and fauna. The data collected during the premonsoon rather than the monsoon, thus, may be better predictor for a diagnosis of stream health conditions.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.181-197
• /
• 2010

This study is for finding a geoscientific factor for clarifying the source soil of the ancient earthenware finding. The used samples were the earthenware, soil and rocks, which were collected at the Gyeongju, Gyeongsan and Haman area. The chemical and mineralogical study for the samples were carried out for understanding the change of mineralogical and chemical composition among them. The mineralogical compositions of the earthenware are different from those of the soils from the surrounding area, which suggests that the mineralogical approach for clarifying the source soil of the earthenware should be difficult. Major element compositions of the earthenware also are different from those of the surrounding soils, which suggests that the comparison of the chemical composition using the major elements might be difficult for deducing the source soil of the earthenware. However, PAAS-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and Nd model ages among the rock, soils and earthenware from the same sampling sites show similar characteristics one another compared to those of the major element compositions. Nd-Sr isotopic systematics among the earthenware, soils and rocks also show a close relationship. Our results suggest that REE and Nd-Sr isotope geochemistry might be more useful than the other geochemical technique in clarifying the source soils of the ancient earthenware.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.331-344
• /
• 2017

In this study, glass beads from Osan Sucheong were classified according to color into 10 groups. Among these groups, reddish brown, bluish green, and purplish blue were identified as the main colors of glass beads based on their large quantities in Osan Sucheong. The glass beads of these main colors were then classified according to their chemical compositions and and looked at the changing process. Based on the results, reddish brown and bluish green glass beads can both be divided into five types, and purplish blue glass beads can be divided into four types. Furthermore, according to continuity of type, it was identified as the main attributes that the reddish brown beads belong to two types, whereas the bluish green and purplish blue each belong to one type. Based on a review of primary attributes, beads of these three colors were identified as soda glass and high-alumina glass. The results indicate that these beads came from a single, consistent route of origin into the region. However, it is possible that glass beads came through various routes into Osan Sucheong in the $4^{th}$ century, because many types of chemical compositions have been detected for beads from this time.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 1996

A series of solid solutions of the $CaGa_1-xFexO_3-y$ system with the compositions of x=0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 has been prepared at $1150^{\circ}C$ under an atmospheric air pressure. The structure, nonstoichiometric chemical formula, and the distribution of cations for the solid solutions are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, Mohr salt titration, Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis. Their physical properties are discussed with electrical conductivity and magnetic measurements. The crystal system of all the compositions is a brownmillerite orthorhombic system from the X-ray diffraction analysis and the reduced lattice volume increases linearly with x value except that of the composition of x=0.25. All the solid solutions do not contain $Fe^{4+}$ ion and the mole number of oxygen vacancies or y value is 0.50 from Mohr salt analysis. The oxidation state of Fe ion, the coordination state, the structure change in the Brownmillerite-type structure, and the distribution of $Ga^{3+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ions are discussed with Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis. The electrical conductivity increases and activation energy decreases, as x value increases. The traditional semiconducting property of this system is described in terms of band theory. The compositions of x=0.50∼1.00 show a thermal magnetic hysteresis in the magnetic measurement with the cooling conditions, which is discussed in terms of the space group and Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.794-798
• /
• 1996

Solid solutions of the nonstoichiometric Dy1-xSrxCoO3-y system with the compositions of x=0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 have been synthesized by the solid state reaction at 1000 ℃ under atmospheric air pressure. The crystallographic structures of the solid solutions are analyzed by the powder X-ray diffraction patterns at room temperature. The analyses assign the compositions of x=0.00 and 0.25 to the orthorhombic system with space group of Pbnm/D2h16, the compositions of x=0.50 and 0.75 to the tetragonal system like a typical SrCoO2.86, and the composition of x=l.00 or SrCoO2.50 to the brownmillerite type system with space group of I**a. The reduced lattice volumes increase with x value due to the larger radius of Sr2+ ion than that of Dy3+ ion. The mole ratio of Co4+ ion to total Co ion with mixed valence state between Co3+ and Co4+ ions at B sites or τ value has been determined by an iodometric titration. All the samples except for the DyCoO3 compound show the mixed valnce state and thus the composition of x=0.50 has the maximum τ value in the system. The oxygen vacancies increasing with x value are randomly distributed over the crystal lattice except for the composition of x=l.00 which have the ordering of the oxygen vacancies. The nonstoichiometric chemical formulas of the Dy1-xSrxCo3+1-τCo4+τO3-(x-τ)/2 system are formulated from the x, τ, and y values. The electrical conductivity in the temperature range of 100 to 900 K increases with τ value linearly because of positive holes of the Co4+ ions in π* band as a conducting carrier. The activation energy of the x=0.50 as Ea=0.17 eV is minimum among other compouds. Broad and high order transition due to the overlap between σ* and π* bands broadened by the thermal activation is observed near 1000 K and shows a low temperature-semiconducting behavior. Magnetic properties following the Currie-Weiss law show the low to high spin transition in the cobaltate perovskite. Especially, the composition of x=0.75 presents weak ferromagnetic behavior due to the Co3+-O2--Co4+ indirect superexchange interaction.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 2022

The present study investigated effects of microbial additives and silo density on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR ("Youngwoo") was harvested at 49.7% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 500 kg bale silo with two different compaction pressures at 430 kgf (kilogram-force)/cm² (LOW) and 760 kgf/cm² (HIGH) densities. All WCR forage were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants (Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1) with 1:1 ratio at 1x105 colony forming unit/g (INO). The concentrations of DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 49.7, 9.59, 2.85, 6.74, 39.7, and 21.9%, respectively. Microbial additives and silo density did not affect the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p>0.05). The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001), but higher propionate (p<0.001). The LOW silages had higher lactate (p=0.004). The INO silages had higher yeast count (p<0.001) and aerobic stability (p<0.001). However, microbial counts and aerobic stability were not affected by silo density. Therefore, this study concluded that fermentation quality of WCR silage improved by microbial additives, but no effects by silo density.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.50-55
• /
• 2023

The present study investigated the effects of forage cutting and baler mixing on the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) haylage. The WCR ("Youngwoo") was harvested at 48.4% dry matter and ensiled into a 300 kg bale silo with forage cutting (whole crop without cutting vs. 5 cm of cutting length). The WCR forages were ensiled without baler mixing process (CON) or with (MIX). The concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 48.4, 9.70, 2.57, 6.11, 41.2, and 23.5%, respectively. The forage cutting did not affect the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, microbes, and aerobic stability of WCR haylage (p>0.05). The CON haylages tend to be higher in NDF content (p<0.10). The MIX haylages had lower in lactate (p=0.019), and lactate:acetate ratio (p<0.001). The MIX haylages had higher in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (p=0.010). Therefore, this study concluded that the fermentation quality of WCR haylage improved by baler mixing, but had no effects by forage cutting.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate characteristics and Pb(II) removal effect of natural Muan, Seosan, Kangjin clays in the batch mode test to develope the low-priced treatment agent of wastewater which contain heavy metals in order structural, optical properties and chemical compositions of natural clays from domestic have been investigated to have high specific surface area and have minerals such as $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$. As a result, removal effects of Pb(II) ions on clays were reached at equilibrium in aqueous solutions by stirring about 20minutes. The removal effect of Pb(II) ions was best for Seosan clay than Muan or Kangjin clays in terms of fixed time. The results show the possibility of continuous treatment system of wastewater which contain heavy metals by using natural clays from domestic.