• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.608-622
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• 2021

Bioactive peptides have great potentials as nutraceutical and pharmaceutical agents that can improve human health. The objectives of this research were to produce functional peptides from ovotransferrin, a major egg white protein, using single enzyme treatments, and to analyze the properties of the hydrolysates produced. Lyophilized ovotransferrin was dissolved in distilled water at 20 mg/mL, treated with protease, elastase, papain, trypsin, or α-chymotrypsin at 1% (w/v) level of substrate, and incubated for 0-24 h at the optimal temperature of each enzyme (protease 55℃, papain 37℃, elastase 25℃, trypsin 37℃, α-chymotrypsin 37℃). The hydrolysates were tested for antioxidant, metal-chelating, and antimicrobial activities. Protease, papain, trypsin, and α-chymotrypsin hydrolyzed ovotransferrin relatively well after 3 h of incubation, but it took 24 h with elastase to reach a similar degree of hydrolysis. The hydrolysates obtained after 3 h of incubation with protease, papain, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and after 24 h with elastase were selected as the best products to analyze their functional properties. None of the hydrolysates exhibited antioxidant properties in the oil emulsion nor antimicrobial property at 20 mg/mL concentration. However, ovotransferrin with α-chymotrypsin and with elastase had higher Fe³⁺-chelating activities (1.06±0.88%, 1.25±0.24%) than the native ovotransferrin (0.46±0.60%). Overall, the results indicated that the single-enzyme treatments of ovotransferrin were not effective to produce peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, or Fe³⁺-chelating activity. Further research on the effects of enzyme combinations may be needed.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2015

Objectives : In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidant activities and the inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage of ethyl acetate fractions extracted from Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus. Methods : Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus were extracted with methanol(MeOH) and divided to Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate(EtOAC) and Water fraction. The antioxidant activities were conducted by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt(ABTS) radical scavenging assay, $Fe^{2+}$ chelating assay and Reducing power assay. The inhibitory effect of DNA damage were characterized on ${\varphi}$ X-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. In addition, we analyzed the Total phenol contents and the Vitamin C contents of Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus. Results : The results of DPPH were 92.71% and 94.72%, ABTS were 87.16% and 62.44%, and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating were 95.81% and 85.11% at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus respectively. The Sophorae Flos showed stronger effect than Sophorae fructus in Reducing Power assay. Total phenol content was 111.77 mg/g and 122.54 mg/g, and Vitamin C content was 2.59 mg/g and 3.03 mg/g. Also both Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus have inhibitory antioxidant effect on ${\varphi}$ X-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. Conclusions : Over all, this study suggests that Sophorae Flos and Sophorae fructus can be used as not only effective antioxidant but also natural medicine.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Objectives : ROS are involved in a wide spectrum of diseases including chronic inflammation and cancer. S.chinensis Baill, a perennial herb commonly called Chinese lizard's tail or Sam-baek-cho in Korea, is used for the treatment of edema and inflammatory diseases in the Oriental folk medicine. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects of the two extracts, water(WE) and ethyl acetate(EAE) from S.chinensis Baill. Methods : Anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using Fe2+ chelating and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. DNA cleavage assay, and western blot and immunostaining for phospho-p65 were performed to evaluate anti-oxidative effect. Anti-inflammatory effect was performed using NO generation assay and western blot in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. Results : In Fe2+ chelating activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, WE showed more strong scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical than EAE. WE scavenged hydroxyl radical by 12% at 3.2 ${\mu}g/ml$, 21% at 16 ${\mu}g/ml$, 32% at 80 ${\mu}g/ml$, 66% at 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 82% at 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In addition, WE showed more strong chelating activity than EAE. WE chelated Fe2+ ion by 1.1% at 3.2 ${\mu}g/ml$, 8.2% at 16 ${\mu}g/ml$, 26.3% at 80 ${\mu}g/ml$, 72% at 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 89% at 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Also, WE inhibited oxidative damage via its anti-oxidant activity. In anti-inflammatory effect, EAE inhibited NO production and iNOS expression. In addition EAE suppressed the NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : Together, these data indicate that S. chinensis Baill, shows anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 2023

Slaughterhouse blood is a by-product of animal slaughter that can be a good source of animal protein. This research purposed to examine the functional qualities of the blood plasma from Hanwoo cattle, black goat, and their hydrolysates. Part of the plasma was hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzymes (Bacillus protease, papain, thermolysin, elastase, and α-chymotrypsin) to yield bioactive peptides under optimum conditions. The levels of hydrolysates were evaluated by 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antioxidant, metal-chelating, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties of intact blood plasma and selected hydrolysates were investigated. Accordingly, two plasma hydrolysates by protease (pH 6.5/55℃/3 h) and thermolysin (pH 7.5/37℃/3-6 h) were selected for analysis of their functional properties. In the oil model system, only goat blood plasma had lower levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the control. The diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was higher in cattle and goat plasma than in proteolytic hydrolysates. Ironchelating activities increased after proteolytic degradation except for protease-treated cattle blood. Copper-chelating activity was excellent in all test samples except for the original bovine plasma. As for ACE inhibition, only non-hydrolyzed goat plasma and its hydrolysates by thermolysin showed ACE inhibitory activity (9.86±5.03% and 21.77±3.74%). In conclusion, goat plasma without hydrolyzation and its hydrolysates can be a good source of bioactive compounds with functional characteristics, whereas cattle plasma has a relatively low value. Further studies on the molecular structure of these compounds are needed with more suitable enzyme combinations.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 1996

The new chelating resins, XAD-2, 4, 16-TAC and XAD-2, 4, 16-TAO were synthesized by Amberlite XAD-2, XAD-4, and XAD-16 macroreticular resins with 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol(TAC) and 4-(2-thiazolylazo)orcinol(TAO) as functional groups and were characterized by elemental analysis and FT-IR spectrometry. It was found that the content of functional group in chelating resin was 0.60mmol/g in XAD-16-TAC and 0.68mmol/g in XAD-16-TAO respectively. The chelating resins were stable in acidic and alkaline solution and can be reused over 10 times. The sorption behavior of some metalions to two chelating resins was investigated by batch method, which included batch equilibrium, effect of pH, coexisting ions and masking agent. For the optimum condition of sorption, the time required for equilibrium was about 1 hour and optimum pH was 5. In the presence of anions such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $CH_3COO^-$, the sorption of U(VI) ion was slightly reduced but other anions such as $Cl^-$ and $NO{_3}^-$ revealed no interference effect. Also, sorption capacity of U(VI) ion was decreased by addition of $CO{_3}^{2-}$ ion because of complex formation of $[UO_2(CO_3)_3]^{4-}$, but alkali metals and alkali earth metals including Na(I), K(I), Mg(II), and Ca(II) were not affected for the sorption extent. Masking agent, NTA showed better separation efficiency of U(VI) ion from coexisting metal ions such as Th(IV), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) than EDTA, CDTA.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 2005

There have been large areas of soil contaminated with high levels of explosives. For this experimental work, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was tested as a representative explosive contaminant of concern in both aqueous and soil samples and its removal was evaluated using three different chemical treatment methods: 1) the classical Fenton reaction which utilizes hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and soluble iron at pH less than 3; 2) a modified Fenton reaction which utilizes chelating agents, $H_2O_2$, and soluble iron at pH 7; and 3) a Fenton-like process which utilizes iron minerals instead of soluble iron and $H_2O_2$, generating a hydroxyl radical. Using classic Fenton reaction, 93% of TNT was removed in 20 h at pH 3 (soil spiked with 300 mg/L of TNT, 3% $H_2O_2$ and 1mM Fe(III)), whereas 21% removed at pH 7. The modified Fenton reaction, using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acetate and citrate as representative chelating agents, was tested with 3% $H_2O_2$ at pH 7 for 24 h. Results showed the TNT removal in the order of NTA, EDTA, oxalate, citrate and acetate, with the removal efficiency of 87%, 71%, 64%, 46%, and 37%, respectively, suggesting NTA as the most effective chelating agent. The Fenton-like reaction was performed with water contaminated with 100 mg/L TNT and soil contaminated with 300 mg/L TNT, respectively, using 3% $H_2O_2$ and such iron minerals as goethite, magnetite, and hematite. In the goethite-water system, 33% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 28% removed at pH 7. In the magnetite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 36% removed at pH 7. In the hematite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 34% removed at pH 7. For further experiments combining the modified Fenton reaction with the Fenton-like reaction, NTA, EDTA, and oxalate were selected with the natural iron minerals, magnetite and hematite at pH 7, based on the results from the modified Fenton reaction. As results, in case magnetite was used, 79%, 59%, and 14% of TNT was removed when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively, whereas 73%, 25%, and 19% removed in case of hematite, when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2009

Purpose:Iron is a critical nutritional element that is essential for a variety of important biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, electron transfer reactions, and oxygen transport, activation, and detoxification. Iron is also required for neoplastic cell growth due to its catalytic effects on the formation of hydroxyl radicals, suppression of host defense cell activities, and promotion of cancer cell multiplication. Chronic transfusion-dependent patients receiving chemotherapy may have iron overload, which requires iron-chelating therapy. We performed this study to demonstrate whether the iron chelating agent deferoxamine induces apoptosis in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells, and to investigate the underlying apoptotic mechanism. Methods:To analyze the apoptotic effects of an iron chelator, cultured Saos-2 cells were treated with deferoxamine. We analyzed cell survival by trypan blue and crystal violet analysis, apoptosis by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle analysis, and the expression of apoptotic related proteins by Western immunoblot analysis. Results:Deferoxamine inhibited the growth of Saos-2 cell in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The major mechanism for growth inhibition with the deferoxamine treatment was by the induction of apoptosis, which was supported by nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation analysis, and flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, bcl-2 expression decreased, while bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP expression increased in Saos-2 cells treated with deferoxamine. Conclusion:These results demonstrated that the iron chelating agent deferoxamine induced growth inhibition and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells, suggesting that iron chelating agents used in controlling neoplastic cell fate can be potentially developed as an adjuvant agent enhancing the anti-tumor effect for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.105-114
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• 2007

The most advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are based on reactivity of strong and non-selective oxidants such as hydroxyl radical (${\cdot}OH$). Decomposition of typical DNAPL chlorinated compounds (TCE, PCE) using various advanced oxidation processes ($UV/Fe^{3+}$-chelating agent/$H_2O_2$ process, $UV/H_2O_2$ process) was approached to develop appropriate methods treating chlorinated compound (TCE, PCE) for further field application. $UV/H_2O_2$ oxidation system was most efficient for degrading TCE and PCE at neutral pH and the system could remove 99.92% of TCE after 150 min reaction time at pH 6($[H_2O_2]$ = 147 mM, UVdose = 17.4 kwh/L) and degrade 99.99% of PCE within 120 min ($[H_2O_2]$ = 29.4 mM, UVdose = 52.2 kwh/L). Whereas, $UV/Fe^{3+}$-chelating agent/$H_2O_2$ system removed TCE and PCE ca. > 90% (UVdose = 34.8 kwh/L, $[Fe^{3+}]$ = 0.1 mM, [Oxalate] = 0.6 mM, $[H_2O_2]$ = 147 mM) and 98% after 6hrs (UVdose = 17.4 kwh/L, $[Fe^{3+}]$ = 0.1 mM, [Oxalate] = 0.6 mM, $[H_2O_2]$ = 29.4 mM), respectively. We improved the reproduction system with addition of UV light to modified Fenton reaction by increasing reduction rate of $Fe^{3+}$ to $Fe^{2+}$. We expect that the system save the treatment time and improve the removal efficiencies. Moreover, we expect the activity of low molecular organic compounds such as acetate or oxalate be effective for maintaining pH condition as neutral. This oxidation system could be an economical, environmental friendly, and practical treatment process since the organic compounds and iron minerals exist in nature soil conditions.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-210
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• 2004

A new polystyrene-divinylbenzene chelating resin containing 4,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (chromotropic acid : CTA) as functional group has been synthesized and characterized. The sorption and desorption properties of this chelating resin for Cr(III) ion and Cr(VI) ion including nine metal bloodstain. As a results, FOB test kit could be effectively applied to identification of human blood at chelating resin was stable in acidic and alkaline solution. The Cr(VI) ion is selectively separated from Cr (III) ion at pH 2 and the maximum sorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion is 1.2 mmol/g. In the presence of anions such as $F^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $CN^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, the sorption of Cr(VI) ion was reduced but anions such as $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and $Cl^-$ revealed no interference effect. The elution order of metal ions obtained from breakthrough capacity and overall capacity at pH 2 was Cr(VI)>Sn(II)>Fe(III)>Cu(II)>Cd(II)${\simeq}Pb(II){\simeq}Cr(III){\simeq}Mn(II){\simeq}Ni(II){\simeq}Al(III)$. Desorption characteristics for Cr(VI) ion was investigated with desorption agents such as $HNO_3$, HCl, and $H_2SO_4$. It was found that the ion showed high desorption efficiency with 3 M HCl. As the result, the chelating resin, XAD-16-CTA was successfully applied to separation and preconcentration of Cr (VI) ion from several metal ions in metal finishing works.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.163-172
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to measure the bioactivity and antioxidant activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE). GJE have been known to contain functional materials such as crocin, crocetin, geniposide, gardenosid, geniposidic acid, iridoid glycosides etc. We were separated into GJE peel. After that, we determined proanthocyanidin. GJE peel were extracted by 70% methanol, ethyl acetate (EA) and distilled water (DW) of three solvents. To investigate by the solvent extract of flavonoid content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel through antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase like ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion-chelating capacity) were performed. Solvent extract antioxidant activity of increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL) were significantly increased (p<0.05). GJE peel extracts showed lower activity than positive control (ascorbic acid, BHA, EDTA). These results, by a solvent of peel were found that the relationship with the increase of flavonoid content increased physiological activity. The antioxidant activity of the extract from the other except for the EA extract on peel was observed at a high level. The results suggest that GJE peel can be used as nutraceutical foods and natural antioxidant.