• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 1997

Gamijiyu-tang (GJT) described originally in the Dong Eui Bo Gam, a traditional reference for oriental medicine in the Korea, has been clinically used for treatment of chronic liver disease. In order to evaluate scientifcally a hepatoprotective effect of GJT in the liver fibrotic disease, the present study investigated how GJT improves a hepatic function in the dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-treated rat. DMN treatment caused a significant increase of relative liver weight to the body at 28 days after DMN induction. Administration of with a clinical dose decreased significantly the sAST level $(158.8{\pm}7.76\;IU/L)$ elevated by DMN in jection (p<0.01). A similar phenomenon was also observed at change of both Salt and Salt level in the GJT and/or DMN-treated animal (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). A remarkable increase of hydroxyproline was observed by treatment of DMN with comparing to the normal rat $(361.9{\pm}7.35\;vs.\;1278.1{\pm}52.9\;{\mu}g/g\;tissue,\;p<0.01)$. This was significantly reduced by a simultaneous treatment of GJT with DMN for 21 days (p<0.05), but not recovered completely to its normal value. In addition. GJT administration ameliorated conspicuously the DMN-induces histopathological changes of liver such as hemorrhage. Cell necrosis and fibrosis. Tak'en together, results described here demonstrated scientifically in first the medicinal efficacy of GJT by using in vivo animal model, indicating that GJT improves the DMN-induced hepatic injury through reducing an excessive accumulation of collagen and histopathological changes. The decreased collagen content may be a pivotal process for GJT to improve hepatic function in the DMN-induced liver fibrosis. The present study suggests that GJT may be useful for and applicable to the treatment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.10
• /
• pp.450-493
• /
• 1997

Three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽) is the change state of yum-yang(陰陽) which is caused by six gi(六氣). They mean the flow of six gi(六氣) which exist throughout the viscera, the channel(經絡), and the skin. But it is not easy to understand the meaning because the contents of the attribute of three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽), the bolt-leaf-hanges(關闔樞) theory and large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) which is the main clue that explain it in ${\ll}$Somun(素問)${\gg}$ and ${\ll}$Yeongchu(靈樞)${\gg}$ don't coincide with each other. I, the writer, tried to understand the uncertain meaning and the contents which are written about three points above differently in each of the books that are ${\ll}$Somun(素問)${\gg}$ and ${\ll}$Yeongchu(靈樞)${\gg}$. So, from that the course that the book, ${\ll}$Huangjenegeong(黃帝內經)${\gg}$ is handed down is so relatively simple in a wood block-printed book, that the ${\ll}$Huangjenegeongtaeso(黃帝內經太素)${\gg}$ has less wong-words than the Somun(素問) and the Yeongchu(靈樞), and from that Yangshangsun(楊上善) wrote the note in the ${\ll}$Huangjenegeongtaeso(黃帝內經太素)${\gg}$ by royal order about 100 years former than Wangbing(王氷), as making projects of Yangshangsun(楊上善)'s note and the original of the ${\ll}$Huangjenegeongtaeso(黃帝內經太素)${\gg}$ which has relation to the yum-yang(陰陽) attribute of three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽), the bolt-leaf-hanges(關闔樞) theory, and the large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) and researching the Yangshangsun(楊上善)'s theory. The result is summarized like this. First, wherease the order of the change of three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽) which is explained by Yangshangsun(楊上善) consider the change of yangi(陽氣) in body most important, the order of the change gaeggi(客氣)'s three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽) considers chungi(天氣) most important, and the order of jugi(主氣)'s three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽) considers jigi(地氣)'s change of ohaeng(五行) most important. If the order of change three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽) in the ${\ll}$Huangjenegeongtaeso(黃帝內經太素)${\gg}$ is considered, each of taeyang(太陽) and soyum(少陰) are expressed as the base of yum-yang(陰陽) and yangmeong(陽明) and taeyum(太陰) are expressed as the palmy days of yum-yang(陰陽), soyang(少陽) and gyolyum(厥陰) are expressed as pacemaker(樞杻) which controls the change of yum-yang(陰陽). Thus, each has something in common that is fettered by the inside and outside. In the flow of channel(經絡), taeyang(太陽) and soyum(少陰) take charge of the behind of body, yangmeong(陽明) and taeyum(太陰) take charge of the front of body and soyang(少陽) and gyolyum(厥陰) take of the side of body. Second, in Yangshangsun(楊上善)'s bolt-leaf-hanges(關闔樞) theory, three-yum(三陰) is regarded as inside, three-yang(三陽) as outside, so when bolt, leaf and hanges fulfil their duties in inside and outside, the life(life force) is thought to be revealed normally. It is impossible to understand the bolt-leaf-hanges with the conception of the inside and outside which divide three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽) into taeyang-soyum(太陽-少陰), yangmeong-taeyum(陽明-太陰), soyang-gyolyum(少陽-厥陰) according to yum-yang(陰陽) attribute, hence it need the special conception that is taeyang(太陽)-taeyum(太陰), yangmeong(陽明)-gyolyum(厥陰), soyang(少陽)-soyum(少陰) which center on their duties in inside and outside. In the denunciation of the word open(開) and bolt(關), because Yangshangsun(楊上善) said that the duities of taeyang(太陽) and taeyum(太陰) are shutter(閉禁), bolt(關) is coincided with that significance. Third, with explaining the large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) of three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽), Yangshangsun(楊上善) expressed the inside and outside either in the same way or differently. Because the inside and outside is interior of body and exterior of body, it is the explanation that is noticed by the fact that the property of large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) is either able to be same or different. In this viewpoint, if we unite the contents about large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) of ${\ll}$Somun(素問)${\gg}$, ${\ll}$Yeongchu(靈樞)${\gg}$, we will find that the descriptions of large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) of three-yang(三陽) in ${\ll}$Somun(素問)${\gg}$ ${\ll}$Yeongchu(靈樞)${\gg}$ correspond with the ${\ll}$Huangjenegeongtaeso(黃帝內經太素)${\gg}$, but in three-yum(三陰), the contrary presentations exit. The reason is that large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) of three-yum(三陰) isn't only expressed as che(體) in the point of che-yong(體用), but as a point of yong(用) that is a phenomenon. As researching the original of ${\ll}$Huangjenegeongtaeso(黃帝內經太素)${\gg}$ and Yangshangsun(楊上善)'s notes as a center about three problems that are yum-yang(陰陽) attribute, the bolt-leaf-hanges(關闔樞) and large or small of gi-blood(氣血多少) of three-yum and three-yang(三陰三陽), I, the writer, tried to explain the part which is written differently or has uncertain conception in the book ${\ll}$Somun(素問)${\gg}$ and the book ${\ll}$Yeongchu(靈樞)${\gg}$, but the concrete result of the work like this will be judged according to the question how many theories are correspondent with real presence at a sickbed. Hence, the work to veryfy the theories in the future will be left as assignment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.281-286
• /
• 2000

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, causes a variety of adverse effects on the male reproductive system in rats. The effect of green tea extract (GTE) was investigated on the testicular function in Spragure-Dawley rats after a single exposure of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$ TCDD/kg body weight. The exposure of rat to TCDD significantly increased the weights of the epididymis and ventral prostate, yet significantly decresed the weight of the seminal vesicle when compared to the controls (p<0.05). In a combined treatment of TCDD with GTE, the organ weight changes caused by TCDD treatment disappeared. Significant decreases in sperm motility and sperm numbers were observed in the TCDD-treated rats, when compared to the control (p<0.05). GTE treatment reversed the decrease of sperm motility and sperm numbers caused by TCDD. There were no differences in sperm morphology, histological changes of the reproductive organs, and spermatogenesis between all the treated groups. In the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle, TCDD increased the CYP1A1 mRNA level, however, it did not affect the estrogen receptor $\beta$ (ER-$\beta$) mRNA level. GTE treatment did not influence the effect of TCDD on the levels of CYP1A1 and Er-$\beta$ mRNA. These results seem to indicate that green tea protects the testicular function against TCDD-induced reproductive toxicity, not because of a receptor-mediated mechanism but rather due to a secondary change of testes or accessory sex organs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2018

The role of the botanical garden in securing biodiversity, responding to climate change, and sustainable development in modern cities is becoming more important. Private botanical gardens that lead the domestic botanical culture are declining due to complex reasons such as an increase of tourist destinations, lack of policy support, lack of introduction of advanced management strategies, and similar leisure activities to national and public botanical gardens. The Private Botanical Garden not only has a large number of plant species with high conservation value, but also provides various public utilities as a cultural and educational space and government efforts are needed to activate the operation of this amenity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of public functions provided by private botanical gardens using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). In this way, the government aims to provide a basis for policy and institutional support for private botanical gardens. The main results are as follows. First, public utility functions provided by private botanical gardens were recognized as 'preservation' (23.4%), 'recreation and tourism' (17.5%) and 'research' (16.6%) in order of analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Second, 'heritage value' (33.0%) and 'existence value' (32.5%) were recognized as significant among the values provided by private botanical gardens. Third, the willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve the public functions of the private botanical garden was 12,234 won. Based on this, the economic value of all private botanical gardens in the whole country was estimated, resulting in about 233.8 billion won. There is a need to revise laws and regulations related to financial support for the revitalization and quality improvement of private botanical gardens. It is also necessary to establish a cooperative operating system between national, public and private botanical gardens.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.50-54
• /
• 2008

Purpose: In most cases, the main cause of chest or back pain during playing golf is rib fractures. This kind of rib fractures can be easily overlooked in plain radiographs. The purpose of this article is to clarify the value of the ultrasound in detecting rib fractures. Materials and Methods: We compared the findings of chest-X rays (anteroposterior, left or right lateral, both oblique view) with those of the ultrasound in 56 patients between the ages of 20th & 60th who were diagnosed rib fractures. Their chief complaints were chest or back pain which developed during playing golf. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: Among 56 cases of rib fractures, 34 cases were diagnosed with initial X-rays. 51 cases were diagnosed with ultrasound. The sensitivity of radiograph and ultrasound were 60.71% & 91.07%, respectively. Dignosis was ultrasound with statical significance whereas radiography did not(p=0.0004). Conclusion: It was concluded that ultrasound is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of the rib fractures which were undetected with X-rays during playing golf.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.443-452
• /
• 1998

This sutdy was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity and foru-week intravenous toxicity of the intralipidos in rats and rabbits. The acute toxicity study of Intralipidos was performed in Spragur-Dawley (SD) rats. Intralipidos was administered by intravenous to maximum dose 200 ml/kg. $LD_{50}$ of intralipidos was found 139.5ml/kg and 153.8ml/kg in male female SD rats. Four-week toxicity of intralipidos using New Zealand White Rabbit and SD rats. The Rabbit and Rats were administered by intravenous seven days per week for 28 days, with dosage of 15, 6, 2 ml/kg/day and 20, 6, 2ml/kg/day, respectively. Animals treated with intralipidos did not cause any death and show any clinical signs. They did not show any significant changes of body weight, feed uptake and water consumption. They were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, ocular examination hematological, serum biochemical value and histopathological examination. Therefore, Intralipidos was not indicated to have any toxic effect in the Rabbits and Rats, when it was administrated by intravenous below the dosage 15ml/kg/day and 20 ml/kg/day for four weeks.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.435-441
• /
• 1998

Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ (Arginine esterase) is one of the snake venoms which is mainly consisted of arginine esterase and acts as a thrombus -forming inhibitor/thrombus-lysin. These present studies were performed to investigate of the acute and subacute toxicity of the Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ in rats. In acute toxicity study, rats were single administered intravenously with dosages of 0.001, 0.01. 0.1, 1 and 10U/kg B.W. and examined the number of death, clinical sign, body weight and pathological change for 7days after administration of Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$. At maximum dose level (10U/kg B.W.), Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ induced symptoms of shock with cyanosis and dyspnea. But these symptoms dissappeared after 30~50 minutes and we could not find any other toxic effect in rats. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ Value of Alginase was over 10U/kg B.W. in rats. In four-week intravenous toxicity study of Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$, rats were administered intravenously seven days per week for 28 days, with dosages of 0, 0.0125, 0.125 and 1.25U/kg B.W./day, respectively. Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ did not caused any death and showed any clinical signs in rats. No significant Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ -related changes were found in feed uptake, water consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, ocular examination, organ weight and histopathological examination. From the results, Alginase$Alginase^{ⓡ}$ seems not to have any toxic effect in rats when it were given daily intravenous injections below the dosage 1.25U/kg B.W./day for four weeks.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.553-558
• /
• 1997

Colorless and transparent cubic zirconia($Zr_{0.73}Y_{0.27}O_{1.87}$) crystal has been synthesized by the Bridgman-Stock-bager method(also called Skull melting method). $Y_2O_3$ is used as stabilizer. The crystal shows a vitreous luster with a slight oily appearance. Under a polarizing microscope, it shows isotropic nature with no appreciable anisotropism. Mohs hardness value is measured to be $8{\sim}8\frac{1}{2}$ and specific gravity 5.85. Under ultraviolet light it shows a faint white glow. The crystal structure of yttria stabilized zirconia was determined, using single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques to be a cubic symmetry, space group $Fm\overline{3}m({O^5}_h)$ with $a=5.1552(5){\AA}$, $V=136.99(5){\AA}^3$, Z=4, and R=0.0488 for 29 unique reflections. Each zirconium atom is at the center of eight oxygen atoms situated at the corners of a surrounding cube and each oxygen atom is at the center of a tetrahedron of zirconium atoms. So a coordination of 8:4 holds in the structure.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1969

Relationships between red ceil volume $(^{51}Cr-cell)$, total blood volume (red cell volume divided by hematocrit ratio), and extracellular fluid volume (SCN distribution space) and body weight (ranging between 73 and 384 grams) or lean body mass were studied in 59 nembutalized rats. Lean body mass was determined by means of underwater weighing method on rats clipped and eviscerated. There were positive correlations between body weight or lean body mass and the absolute values (in milliliters) of body fluid volumes. Body fluid volumes expressed on the body weight or lean body mass basis, however, showed negative correlations between body weight (grams) or lean body weight (grams) with one exception. Red cell volume expressed as % lean body mass showed a positive correlation with lean body mass. The other results are summarized as follows: 1. Body density of rats was 1.0561 $(range:\;1.0123{\sim}1.0781)$ and 19.8% body weight of total body fat was obtained. The mean value of lean body mass was 80.2% body weight 2. The correlation between body weight and lean body mass was high, namely, coefficient of correlation was r=.99. 3. The correlation between the absolute value of red cell volume (ml) and body weight showed a high correlation, namely, r= 92 and between the lean body mass coefficient of correlation was r=.93. On a weight basis, red cell volume was 2.67 ml/100 gm body weight or 3.48 ml/100 gm lean body mass. The coefficient of correlation between body weight (grams) and red cell volume (% body weight) was r=-. 30. The coefficient of correlation between lean body mass (grams) and red cell volume (% lean body mass) was r=. 50. Thus, the following regression equation was obtained. Red cell volume (% lean body mass)=. 00243 Lean body mass (gm)+3. 12. 4. Total blood volume was 6.06% body weight or 7.83% lean body mass. The correlation between these blood volume values and body weight or lean body mass were negative, namely, r= -.43 and r=-.42 respectively. 5. Extracellular volume (SCN space) was 30.0% body weight or 37.2% lean body mass. These percentage values showed negative correlations between body weight or lean body mass and coefficients of correlation were r=-.40 and r=-.54 respectively. 6. The rate of increase in body weight or lean body mass is accompanied by a smaller rate of increase in blood volume and extracellular fluid volume. The rate of increase in red ceil volume paralled that of lean body mass.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the aspect of occurrence and transition of the elbow injuries in baseball players from childhood to adult. Materials and Methods: We had a survey and took the simple X-ray from the anteroposterior view and the lateral view of both elbows for subjects of total 320 baseball players. - each of 80 players in elementary school, middle school, high school, and professional baseball players between January and December in 2004. Results: The region of pain and the bony changes in elbow were the most frequent in medial side from all the groups of players. Especially, hypertrophy of medial epicondyle were the most numerous. As baseball players got older, the radiological changes of elbow were increased. The bony changes were found out 52 cases (65%) of the elementary school players, 66 cases (82%) of the middle school players, 68 cases (85%) of the high school players and 70 cases (88%) of the professional players out of the total 320 baseball players. Conclusion: The bony changes of the elbow in baseball players got frequent as they were getting older and increased in comparison with past.