• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2000

Because the household garbage had high water contents, it is difficult to compost it without an additive. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate possibility of using the waste newspapers as a humidity conditioner for the household garbage composting. The maximum temperature was $66.0^{\circ}C$ in spring, $69.2^{\circ}C$ in summer, $60.9^{\circ}C$ in fall and $56.0^{\circ}C$ in winter for composting periods. The seasonal pH value reached around 8.5 after 1 week and then repeated fluctuation at the narrow range in spring and fall, while it was stabilized at the range of $8{\sim}9$ after increasing to 8.5 after 1 week in winter. The water content was reduced little in winter, while decreased significantly in the other seasons. The water content after 8 weeks was 22.2% in spring, 47.6% in summer, 25.5% in fall and 72.5% in winter. The mass was reduced rapidly during the first week of each season, but it did not show much decrease. The volume reduced after 8 weeks to 59%, 32%, 27%, and 34% in spring, summer, fall and winter respectively. Organic matter content decreased over the four seasons. Nitrogen contents were in the range of 0.7% to 2.2% during the four seasons. The contents of inorganic compounds based on dry matyter were in the range of $0.94{\sim}2.59%\;P_2O_5$, $1.23{\sim}1.87%\;CaO$, $0.37{\sim}0.46%\;MgO$, $0.55{\sim}1.98%\;K_2O$. Concentration of heavy metals(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, As) based on dry matter were less than the limiting value of the by-product compost.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.307-318
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• 2010

This study was to analyze the ecological conditions, based on physical habitat, chemical, and biological conditions before (2006, 2007) and after ecological restoration (2009) in five sites of Changwon Stream (CS) and six sites of Nam Stream (NS), respectively, and then to compare ecological health between the two period. The analysis of ecological health was based on the multimetric models of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) and Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) along with water chemistry in the streams. For the study, the models of IBI and QHEI were modified as 8 and 11 metric attributes, respectively. For the evaluations, the survey was conducted in the period of 2006~2007 before the restoration and in 2009 after the restoration by the city. Chemical conditions, based on conductivity, in both streams showed a typical longitudinal declines along the axis of the upstream-to-downstream. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in water quality between the two periods. Values of IBI in the CS and NS averaged 21.6 and 19.7, respectively, indicating a C grade in the criteria of Ministry of Environment, Korea, and there was no significant differences in the IBI between the two periods. Values of QHEI after the restoration averaged 29.2 and 63.2 in the CS and NS, respectively and the values decreased markedly especially, in the NS (35.3) after the restoration. The habitat disturbance was mainly attributed to destructions (i.e., the narrower width of riparian vegetation and higher substrate exposure by the air) of artificial materials by massive flood in 2009. Overall, our results suggest that the restoration was not effective in the two streams between the two periods, even if the budget was used a lot and that such ecological restoration, not considered the natural disaster, may not effect for the stream restoration.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.201-215
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between hydraulic conductivity and the flow rate of an aquifer, with the flow rate calculated from the laterals of the radial collector well using data obtained by the development project of riverbank filtration (Second Phase) in Changwon City. The hydraulic conductivity was empirically calculated from unconsolidated sediments collected from a sandy gravel layer along the middle-to-downstream sections of the Nakdong River. The Beyer equation produced the most suitable hydraulic conductivity from the various empirical formulas employed. The calculated hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.083 to 0.264 cm/s, with an average value of 0.159 cm/s, suggesting that the aquifer in the study area possesses a high permeability with a good distribution of sandy gravel. The relationship between the calculated hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer and the entrance velocity into the screen, the flow rate was analyzed through the linear regression analysis. From the result of regression analysis, it showed that the hydraulic conductivity and the entrance velocity into the screen and the flow rate have a linear regression equation having about 72% of the high correlation. The result of verification in the measured data between each variable showed a high suitability from being consistent with the approximately 72% in the linear regression analysis. This study demonstrates that the groundwater flow rate can be estimated within the laterals of the radial collector well using a linear regression equation, if the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is known. This methodology could thus be applicable to other aquifers with hydraulic conductivity and permeability parameters similar to those in the present study area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.365-373
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• 2014

This study is to analyze the physical environment and conduct spatial data for bicycle road system in changwon. Index for evaluation index was developed based on literatures. Then the level of importance and weight have been modified through experts review. Finally, index with eight categories such as greenness(40% over), bicycle road connectivity(1.8, 9.8%), road type bike(bicycle lane, 24.4%), pave type(asphalt 72.5%), illegal parking(none, 93.9%), bike road surface visibility(exist, 46.8%), vehicle speed limits(30km, under), vehicle traffic(500/hr under, 44.3%) have been applied to empirical investigation. Collected data has been hierarchically classification by ArcGIS Program. The Highest grades(score 31-35, level 1) occupied 35% of target destination. High level of greenness and load type has contributed to high score. In addition, average level of greenness of those destination was 35% and higher, which provide high degree of security and freshness for bicycle riding. Meanwhile, lowest level(level 5, which earned 15 point or less) occupied 24.5%. illegal parking, low level of greenness, and no surface sign caused low score.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.76-91
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of spatial characteristics, such as land cover and topography, on heat wave days from the city of Milyang, which has recently drawn attention for its heat wave problems. The number of heat wave days was calculated utilizing RCP-based South Korea climate data from 2000 to 2010. Land cover types were reclassified into urban area, agricultural area, forest area, water, and grassland using 2000, 2005, and 2010 land cover data constructed by the Ministry of Environment. Topographical features were analyzed by topographic position index (TPI) using a digital elevation model (DEM) with 30 m spatial resolution. The results show that the number of heat wave days was 31.4 days in 2000, which was the highest, followed by 26.9 days in 2008, 24.2 days in 2001, and 24.0 days in 2010. The heat wave distribution was relatively higher in agricultural areas, valleys, and rural areas. The topography of Milyang contains more mountainous slope (51.6%) than flat (19.7%), while large-scale valleys (12.2%) are distributed across some of the western region. Correlation analysis between heat wave and spatial characteristics showed that the correlation between forest area land cover and number of heat wave days was negative (-0.109), indicating that heat wave can be mitigated. Topographically, flat areas and heat wave showed a positive correlation (0.305). These results provide important insights for urban planning and environmental management for understanding the impact of land development and topographic change on heat wave.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2005

Governmental authorities have been trying to develop our city in respect to the growth of economy and it is true that their developmental policies have negative effects on ecosystem without doubt. To estimate these negative effects, this study is mainly focused on analysing the usage of the land according to the urban growth, and the temporal and spatial patterns between the elements which consist of the landscape of Daegu Metropolitan Sphere, by using the GIS method and the landscape indices. The results of the this study are as follow; the urban areas widened for $193.4km^2$ due to the shift of the urban function, and the forest areas were encroached for $455.6km^2$ into other landcover patterns. It was the shift of the agriculture areas that are given the most influence in those procedures since those developmental conditions are relatively satisfactory. Moreover the forest areas are structurally fragmented into the complicated form, and also the patterns of adjacent patches are become complex. These transitions are regarded as causes of increased external interventions to the forest areas, and these could possibly deteriorate the soundness of forest areas by reducing the core areas which are habitats of species. In conclusion, the results of this study evaluate the influence of much broader urban development on environment structure around urban and mutual relationship between them. In addition, it can provide methods and basic informations for the establishment of metropolitan urban plan after due considerations of the landscape ecological principle.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land use patterns of riparian zones and water quality in the Geumho River watershed. A GIS database included digital land use maps (1:25,000), stream network extracted from digital topographic maps (1:5,000) and riparian zones maps by multi-buffering method. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to explain the relationship between the environmental conditions of a 30 meter buffer strip on each side and water quality. According to the result of investigation of riparian-level land use patterns, sub-watersheds on the lower Geumho River including Daegu metropolitan city were mainly developed as urban area such as residential, commercial and industrial ones, while sub-watersheds on the middle Geumho River and the main course of Nakdong River, agricultural ones such as a paddy, a dry field and an orchard. Meanwhile, the area-rate of riparian forests which play an important role in filtering nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment was estimated below the average 16%. The proportion of urban area in a 30 meter riparian bufferstrip had a negative correlation with water quality in each sub-watershed. But the proportion of forest area had a positive correlation with water quality. Henceforth, it is necessary to establish landscape planning for preparing and restoring the riparian buffer zones, concerning land form, soil type, the present land use pattern and economic aspects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.546-559
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between sleep quality, stress response, physical activity and sleep hygiene in shift work nurses and identify factors influencing sleep quality. The participants were 168 shift nurses from university hospitals and general hospitals located in C city, Gyeongnam. Data were collected from March 25 to 31, 2016. The study instrument use to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Stress Response Inventory, Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form and Sleep Hygiene Scale. Date were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS/win18.0. The sleep quality index was 7.35 (range 0-21), stress response was 2.20 (range 1-5), physical activity was 3986MET-min/week, and sleep hygiene was 2.73 (range 1-6 points). There were significant differences in sleep quality according to shift work experience, health status and circadian rhythm type. Factors influencing sleep quality included shift work experience, sleep hygiene, stress response and physical activity, which together explained 40% of the total variance of sleep quality. Therefore, it is recommended that sleep hygiene education be implemented as a strategy to reduce stress response, and that shift work nurses engage in a moderate level of physical activity to improve their sleep quality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1166-1171
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether breast milk feeding at infancy has the effect of a programming agent preventing school-age obesity, or whether formula milk feeding is the cause of elementary school-age obesity. Methods : We randomly selected 4 elementary school in Masan and Changwon city. We calculated the BMI and obesity degree from height and weight data on the school record of 1,275 children of first and second grade. The parents of 1,275 children were asked to a questionnaire about their birth history and feeding modality during infancy. Based on these data, we categorized them into 4- different groups : breast fed for less than 2 months; breast fed for 2-6 months; breast fed more than 6 months; mixed fed. We compared the mean BMI, obesity degree and prevalence rates of obesity of each groups. Results : There was no statistical difference on the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity, which was defined by BMI, according to the duration of breast feeding. The same was true for mild obesity and moderate obesity, which was defined by obesity degree. The mean BMIs and the mean obesity degree were not different among different feeding types. Conclusion : There seems to be no protective effect of breast feeding during infancy on reducing the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity. However, even wider and larger studies considering confounding factor might be needed to reach a definite conclusion in the future.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2017

Gold mineralization of Samjeong and Yongjang gold mines in Uichang area shows characteristics of Bonanza-type gold deposits. Ores are mainly developed along the contact parts between quartz vein and arkosic sandstone beds(Fe-rich bed) in sedimentary rock. Electrum, silver sulfide and sulfate minerals are mainly in the ores. On the other hand, gold mineralization is less developed in cherty rock and andesitic rock than arkosic sandstone. The study highlights characteristics of gold precipitation in the deposit on the basis of numerical modelling of the reactions between the assumed hydrothermal ore fluids with multicomponent heterogeneous equilibrium calculations. Aqueous species, gases and minerals, containing electrum are included in the calculations. The reaction result between hydrothermal ore fluids and arkosic sandstone show that pH increasing in the ore-forming fluid would trigger precipitation of quartz, chlorite, sericite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, electrum, actinolite and feldspar. The numerical modelling also illustrates the drastic increase of pH and desulfidation lead to precipitation of electrum. Ag/Au ratios in the ore vary with pH conditions and subsequently precipitation of silver-bearing sulfides such as acanthite and polybasite. The modelling of the reaction between andesitic rock and ore-forming fluid shows that mineral assemblages of the case are analogous to ones of the reaction between arkosic sandstone and fluid except the latter has little portion of electrum. The abovementioned modelling results suggest that gold-silver mineralization is bounded by host rocks at the study area.