• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.17-31
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• 2002

Objective : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the hormones and cytokines associated with bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Method : Twenty-four Female-Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham operated(normal) group, ovariectomized(control)group, ovariectomized and treated with extract Caraganae Sinicae Radix(treated) group. Each group was investigated the changes of body weight at 3,5,7weeks after treatment, and femur weight, femur/body weight, thickness of compact bone of body of femur, area of cancellous bone of distal epiphysis of femur, serum estrogen, serum calcitonin, serum parathormone, serum Tumor Necrosis $Factor-{\alpha}$, serum $lnterleukin-1{\beta}$ at 7weeks after treatment. The results were summerized as follows; 1. The treated group showed significant change in body weight compared with the control group at 5,7weeks after treatment. 2. The treated group revealed significant increases in femur/body weight compared with the control group. 3. The treated group showed a little thicker compact bone of body of femur than the control group. 4. The area of cancellous bone of distal epiphysis of femur in treated group was increased significantly compared with control group. 5. The level of serum estrogen showed no change compared with control group. 6. The level of serum calcitonin showed no change compared with control group. 7. The level of serum parathormone was decreased in treated group significantly compared with control group. 8. The level of serum $TNF-{\alpha}$ was decreased in treated group significantly compared with control group. 9. The level of serum $interleukin-1{\beta}$ showed no change compared with control group. The results indicate that Caraganae Sinicae Radix inhibits bones resorption in ovariectomized rats by it's lowering effects on serum parathormone and $TNF-{\alpha}$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.646-654
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• 2004

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a comprehensive smoking cessation program for Korean adolescents. Method. The study design was quasi-experimental with one pre and three post-tests. The three posttests were done immediately after, three months later, and six months after the completion of the program. A total of 43 high school students who smoked participated in the study with 22 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. The smoking cessation program consisted of 9 sessions with content on enhancement of self-efficacy, stress management, correction of distorted thoughts, consciousness raising, and assertiveness training. The study variables were urine cotinine levels, self-efficacy, stress, and stages of changed behavior. Results. Urine cotinine levels significantly decreased in the experimental group after the program (F=3.02, p=.06) but significantly increased in the control group (F=6.32, p=.004). Self-efficacy and the degree of stress did not change in either group. The stages of smoking cessation behavior tended to change when compared with raw data for the experimental group. For most participants, the stages of change had been precontemplation and contemplation, but changed to action and maintenance stage among the experimental group. Conclusion. The program was effective in smoking cessation and influencing stages of change but did not change psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy and stress. It is suggested a program should be developed to change psychosocial variables on a long-term basis. It is also desirable to involve peers and families of adolescents who smoke when planning programs to enhance social support.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 2005

Purpose : This study was designed to apply a "stage of change" exercise intervention program to obese children in elementary school and to examine its effects on their BMI. stage of change. process . and self-efficacy in exercise. Methods : The experimental group included 64 children in the fourth . fifth and sixth grades. from one elementary school. whose BMI was in the H5th percentile or more for their age groups. The control group had 6 1 students from a different one elementary school whose conditions were the same as those of the experimental group. Results: After the stage of change exercise intervention was applied, the BMI of the experimental group decreased by a significant enough degree to conclude that the program was effective in decreasing BMI. After the application of the program. the experimental group experienced a significant increase in their helping relationships. counter-conditioning . reinforcement management and stimulus control compared 10 the control group. After the program. self-efficacy in terms of exercise increased significantly in the experimental group. Conclusion: A stages of change exercise intervention program has been shown to engage individual students and encourage them 10 maintain a higher fitness level that promote s self-efficacy in exercise and therefore moves them towards healthier lifestyles. Moreover. the study proved that a significant reduction of BMI was achieved by the stages of change exercise intervention program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.469-479
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of public health center smoking cessation counseling program using the transtheoretical model on the process of change, smoking temptation, decisional balance and stage change transition. Methods: A nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used for this study. The study population was 115 adult smokers. The counseling program was administered to the experimental group and a smoking cessation program from the Korean Ministry of Health & Welfare was administered to the control group. Descriptive analysis, $\chi^2-test$, t-test, and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS 12.0 program to analyze the data. Results: After treatment with this program, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores for process of change (t=4.148, p<.001), smoking temptation (t=-2.988, p=.003), and stage change transition ($\chi^2=5.871$, p=.031) compared to the control group. Experimental group members also showed significantly lower score for Pros of smoking (t=-3.151, p=.002). Conclusion: The findings indicate that this program could have positive effect on process of change, smoking temptation, decisional balance and stage transition for adult smokers. Based on these findings, the authors suggest additional counseling program focusing on smokers in specific stages.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.40.2-40.2
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• 2011

We investigated solar flare occurrence probability depending on sunspot group classification and its area change. For this study, we used the McIntosh sunspot group classification and then selected most flare-productive six sunspot groups : DKI, DKC, EKI, EKC, FKI and FKC. For each group, we classified it into three sub-groups according to the sunspot group area change : increase, steady and decrease. For sunspot data, we used the NOAA's active region information for 19 years (from 1992.01 to 2010.12). As a result, we found that the probabilities of the all "increase" sub-groups is noticeably higher than those of other sub-groups. In case of FKC McIntosh sunspot group, for example, the M-class flare occurrence probability of the "increase" sub-group is 65% while the "decrease" and "steady" sub-groups are 50% and 44%, respectively. In summary, when sunspot group area increases, the probability of solar flares noticeably increases. This is statistical evidence that magnetic flux emergence is an very important mechanism for triggering solar flares.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.81-91
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ankle muscle strengthening exercise using BOSU ball and taping on static and dynamic plantar pressure in patients with hallux valgus. Subjects were 26 men and women in their twenties with hallux valgus, and they were randomly assigned to a taping group (TG; n=13) and an ankle strengthening group (ASG; n=13). Each group received the appropriate intervention over a total of 4 weeks, and static and dynamic plantar pressure were measured before and after the intervention. Independent T-test was performed to examine the difference in the amount of change between groups, and paired-sample T-test was performed to determine whether the difference between the pre-post values within the group was significant. The statistical significance level was set as α=.05. As for the ratio of the total body weight of the foot (Foot), the amount of change in the ASG of the left foot was significantly decreased compared to the TG within the group (p<.05). Significantly increased (p<.05). As for the degree of pronation of the foot (MP/change ratio), the amount of change in the TG of the right foot was significantly decreased compared to the ASG (p<.05), and in the force of the foot, the TG of the left foot was the amount of change within the group compared to the ASG. was significantly increased (p<.05), and in the group-to-group change, the amount of change in TG was significantly different than that of ASG (p<.05). Therefore, it can be considered that ankle strengthening exercise using bosu ball and taping are insufficient to give effective change to patients with hallux valgus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-44
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• 1999

Obesity in children is a major concern of public health. This study was performed to illuminate its effect on weight control program and the associated factors of obesity-related habits and obesity index in primary school obese children. Weight control program consisted of behavioral modification, nutrition education and exercise during 17 weeks. The sample consisted of treatment group(n=42) and control group(n=41). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in obesity index, socioeconomic status and grade. To assess the effects of weight control program, the subjects were given pre-test and post-test such as the measurement of anthropometric values and self-reporting questionnaire. This result of this study were as follows; 1. After weight control program was applied, there was a significant decrease in obesity index among the treatment group. Obesity-related habits score of the treatment group increased significantly, While there was not much difference between the pre-test and the post-test among the control group. But exercise habit didn't increase significantly in the both groups. 2. Correlation between obesity-related habits and obesity index were not evident. 3. After application of weight control program, the factors associated with change of eating habit were children's past experience of weight control, motivational change toward weight control program and friends' support for treatment group. The factors associated with change of exercise habit were post-test motivation score and friends' support. Motivational change toward weight control and pre-test self-efficacy of exercise behavior were counter-related to exercise habit. For change of other obesity-related habits, initial obesity index, motivational change, post-test self-efficacy score of exercise behavior and paternal educational status were closely associated. But post-test self-efficacy score of eating behavior was unrelated. 4. Only the factor of experience of weight control was associated with change of obesity index. 5. For the both groups, the factors associated with change of eating habits were post-test self-efficacy of eating behavior and family's support. The factors associated with change of exercise behavior were self-efficacy changes of exercise behavior and friends' support. The factors associated with change of other obesity-related habits were self-efficacy change of eating behavior. Initial obesity index was associated with change of obesity index. 6. The rate of dropouts from weight control program was 28.6% (12/42) in treatment group. Initial obesity index, other obesity-related habits except eating exercise habits, friend's support were associated with dropout. In conclusion, these results indicated that weight control program in primary school settings was effective. Direct exercise regimen and practice was demanded. In addition to the program itself, much of the success is dependent on the degree of motivation of the children involved and support provided by their parents and friends. Further study need to be performed under the condition that the weight control progrom is applied for a longer period.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.268-278
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• 2001

Many women in the world have suffered from anemia produced by menstruation, pregnancy and delivery. In the theory of oriental medicine, a sour taste is believed to have a tonic effect on the blood. Thus this paper is to investigate the effect of sour tastes on the improvement in anemia-induced female mice, using citric acid and Fructus schizandrae(五味子). The method used in this experiment was the change of RBC, WBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Fe, and TIBC in the blood of female mice who were fed citric acid and Fructus schizandrae(五味子). The results obtained were as follows ; 1. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean number of RBC in the blood of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae (五味子) 500mg/kg. 2. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean number of WBC in the blood of mice was not significantly larger in both sample groups fed citric acid and Fructus schizandrae(五味子). 3. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean number of Hemoglobin in the blood of mice was significantly larger only in evaluating the change of the sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子). 4. Compared with the control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean percentage of Hematocrit in blood of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 500mg/kg and sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 250mg/kg for 3days. 5. Compared with control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean volume of Fe in serum of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 500mg/kg. 6. Compared with control group (anemia- induced group without treatment), the mean TIBC in serum of mice was significantly increased only in evaluating the change of sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 500mg/kg and sample group fed Fructus schizandrae(五味子) 250mg/kg for 7days. According to these results, a sour taste is presumed to have a general tonic effect on anemia, but more study must be taken on the effects of citric acid in improving female anemia.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2016

The present study tested if individual speakers showing great sound change in segments (i.e., vowels and fricatives) also had innovative changing patterns in suprasegmental properties (i.e., lexical pitch accents) in Kyungsang Korean. The acoustic analysis at a group level first confirmed the presence of group level differences in distinguishing /ɨ-ʌ/ and /s-s'/ both of which had different phonemic distinction from Seoul Korean. Younger speakers had more innovative segmental change than older speakers, and even within the younger generation, female speakers produced more innovative phonetic variants than male speakers. Regarding the individual observation within the younger group, the younger speakers with large acoustic distinction in vowels and fricatives also showed acoustically less distinct accent patterns, indicating the innovative sound change pattern consistent across segment and suprasegmental properties. The group and individual observations suggested that linguistic innovators introduced new phonetic variants with consistent degree of changing pattern between segment and suprasegmental properties.

• Korean Journal of Ophthalmology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.478-482
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the quantitative effect of inferior oblique (IO) 10- and 14-mm recession on postoperative horizontal deviation. Methods: Patients (22 men and 18 women) who underwent IO recession were divided into two groups for comparison studies: group 1 (10-mm IO recession, 15 patients) and group 2 (14-mm IO recession, 25 patients). Preoperative and postoperative horizontal deviations were measured, and the resulting horizontal deviations from the 10- and 14-mm IO recession surgeries were compared. The effects of superior oblique underaction, IO overaction, and combined exodeviation on postoperative horizontal deviation were analyzed. Results: Although group 1 did not show a significant horizontal deviation change after surgery ($1.9{\pm}4.5$ prism diopters [PD], p = 0.452), group 2 had a meaningful horizontal change after 14-mm recession ($2.2{\pm}3.8PD$, p = 0.022). Both groups showed a significant esodrift in horizontal deviation (group 1, p = 0.017; group 2, p = 0.030) in patients with exodeviation over 8 PD. The mean change in horizontal deviation was $6.0{\pm}5.4PD$ for group 1 and $9.0{\pm}5.0PD$ for group 2. Although the amount of superior oblique underaction did not affect the extent of change in horizontal deviation, patients with severe IO overaction showed a significant change in horizontal deviation after 14-mm IO recession. Conclusions: Fourteen-millimeter IO recession could make a statistically significant change in horizontal deviation after surgery. In addition, esodrift should be considered after IO recession in patients with a preoperative exodeviation greater than 8 PD or severe IO overaction.