• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2006

세 개의 서로 다른 사암 샘플들 -두 개의 합성 샘플과 한 개의 현장 샘플- 에 대해 현장 저류층의 대표적인 구속압력과 공극압력하에서 초음파 시험이 수행되었다. 세가지 사암 샘플들은 (a) 캘사이트 시멘트(calcite intergranula. cement (CIPS))로 만든 합성사암, (b) 실리카 시멘트(silica intergranular cement)로 만든 합성 사암 (c) Otway Basin 의 Boggy Creek 1 시추공에서 시도되는 $CO_2$ 파일럿 프로젝트의 대상 암석층 중 Waarre 층으로부터 추출한 코아 샘플로 구성되어 있다. 공극률은 각각 32%, 33%, 26%이다. 초기시험은 실내건조(room-dried) 상태에 있는 코아들에 대해 구속응력을 5 MPa 씩 단계별로 65 MPa 까지 증가시키며 이루어졌다. 그리고 나서 모든 코아들에 처음에는 온도 $22^{\circ}C$에서 6 MPa 공극압력으로 기체상의 $CO_2$를, 그 다음에는 온도 $22^{\circ}C$ 에서 7 MPa 부터 17 MPa 까지 5 MPa 씩 증가시키면서 액체상의 $CO_2$를 주입하였다. 구속응력은 10MPa부터 65 MPa까지 달리 하였다. P와 S 초음파 파형들이 유효응력이 증가할 때마다 기록되었다. 속도-유효응력 반응들이 P 파와 S 파에 대해 실험 자료들로부터 계산되었으며, 감쇠(1/Qp)들은 스펙트럼 비 방법을 이용하여 파형들로부터 계산되었다. 각각의 사암들에 대한 이론적인 속도-유효응력 계산은 $CO_2$ 압력-밀도 와 $CO_2$ 체적계수-압력 상 다이어그램(phasediagram), Gassmann 유효 매질 이론(effective medium theory)을 이용하여 구하였다. 기체상의 $CO_2$ 주입은 속도-유효응력에서 건조상태(공기로 포화된 상태)에 비해 거의 무시할만한 변화를 가져왔다. 다양한 공극압력에서 액체상의 $CO_2$ 주입은 공기로 포화된 상태에 비해 속도-유효응력 반응을 평균 약 8% 정도 낮게 한다. 실험자료들은 높은 유효응력에서 Gassmann 계산들과 일치한다. 이러한 이론과 일치하는 "임계" 유효응력은 사암의 종류에 따라 달라진다. 이 차이는 각각의 사암 종류의 미세구조에서 미세 균열 수의 차이에 기인한 것이라 생각된다. 높은 유효응력에서의 이론과 의미있게 일치하였으며, $CO_2$ 주입 시 현장에서의 탄성파 거동을 예상하는데 있어서 어느 정도 확신을 준다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2015

연구결과에 기초하여 내린 시험적 결론은 다음과 같다. 광릉요강꽃은 주로 해발 450~990 m, 경사는 $5{\sim}30^{\circ}$의 범위에 분포하였고, 사면향은 $0{\sim}110^{\circ}$로 나타났다. 자생지 기온 ($18.94^{\circ}C$)은 계절 변화와 유사한 경향이었고 장소 간의 차이는 위도에 따른 차이가 강하였으며, 가장 남쪽에 위치한 GY에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 반면에 상대습도는 지역 간의 차이는 크지 않았다. 수관열림도 (%)는 평균 18.17이었으며, HC (22.1)에서 가장 높게 나타났고 MJ (16.1)에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 광량 ($mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$)은 평균 9.1이었으며, CC (10.6) 가장 높게 나타났고 GY (6.87)에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 엽록소 함량 (SPAD value)은 평균 26.12로 나타났으며, MJ (30.64)에서 가장 높았고 HC (23.69)에서 가장 낮았다. 엽면적 ($cm^2$)은 평균 $253.35cm^2$이었으며, CC (281.51)에서 가장 높았고, HC (238.23)에서 가장 낮았다. 자생지 층위별 우점식생으로 교목층 식생은 물푸레나무, 고로쇠나무 및 층층나무가 우점하는 것으로 나타났고, 관목층은 고추나무, 초본층은 십자고사리, 단풍취가 우점하는 것으로 나타났다. 식분의 서열화 결과, I상에서는 수관울폐도와 지온, II축상에서는 토양노출, 해발고도 등의 환경요인이 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 우리의 연구 결과는 개체군 동태 예측 및 광릉요강꽃의 장기적인 보전 전략 및 복원에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.72-87
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• 2022

국토의 지속가능한 개발과 보전을 위해서는 계획적인 개발과 효율적인 환경보전이 수반되어야 한다. 이를 위해서는 기존에 개발된 지역에 대한 분석을 통해 개발에 영향을 준 요인들을 도출하고, 개발압력이 높은 지역에 대하여 적절한 관리방안을 적용함으로써 개발과 보전이 조화를 이룰 수 있도록 유도할 수 있다. 본 연구는 용인시를 대상으로 토지피복이 산림에서 시가화·건조 지역으로 변화된 지역과 여러 가지 사회·지형·제한적 요소 간의 관계를 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 회귀식으로 구현하고, 잠재적 개발지를 분석하였다. 잠재 개발지 분석에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인은 개발제한구역, 보호지역과 같은 제한요소이고, 영향력이 가장 작은 요인은 인구밀도였다. 용인시 산림의 약 148km²(52%)이 잠재적 개발지로 분석되었고, 잠재개발지 중 보호지역에 해당하면서 국토환경성평가지도 1등급으로 환경적 가치가 우수한 지역은 약 13km²으로 도출되었다. 개발 잠재력이 높은 보호지역은 수변구역과 특별대책지역으로 나타나 수변으로 구성된 자연경관이 우수한 지역들이 개발지역으로 선호되고 있었다. 보호지역은 개인의 재산권을 보호하기 위해 일부 행위에 대해 허가를 내주고 있으나 뚜렷한 허가기준이 부재하고, 허가로 인한 환경적 영향을 파악하고 있지 않다. 이는 보호지역이 제 역할을 하지 못하게 하는 요인으로 파악됨에 따라 명확한 예외적 허가기준과 환경영향 모니터링을 통해 관리될 필요가 있다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.478-486
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• 2000

연구배경 : 급성폐손상에서 폐포대식세포는 초기에 일어나는 염증반응 뿐 아니라, 후기의 복구 및 섬유화 과정에 관여하는 중요한 세포로 형태, 기능면에서 특성이 다른 여러 세포군으로 구성되어져 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 95% 이상의 고농도산소로 폐손상을 일으킨 쥐를 12시간군, 24시간군, 48시간군으로 나누어서 고농도 산소 투여시기에 따른 폐포대식세포의 숫적인 변화 및 아형군의 분포변화를 관찰하고, 이들 아형군세포의 형태학적인 차이를 통해서 고농도 산소에 의한 폐손상시에 관련되는 특정 아형세포군이 있는지를 알아보고 이러한 분포의 차이와 조직병리적인 변화를 비교 관찰하였다. 방 법 : Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐를 대상으로 고농도 산소 투여 후 12시간, 24시간, 48시간 경과시의 폐포대식세포를 추출하여 아형세포군의 분포 및 형태 변화와 조직의 변화를 비교 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 1) 총 폐포대식세포는 정상군 $171.6{\pm}24.1({\times}10^5)$, 12시간군 $194.8{\pm}17.9$, 24시간군 $207.6{\pm}27.1$, 48시간군 $200.0{\pm}77.8$개로 초기 장시간까지는 증가하나 이후에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2) 광학현미경 관찰로 측정한 폐포간질의 두께는 정상군 $0.7{\pm}0.2{\mu}m$, 12시간군 $1.5{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$, 24시간군 $2.3{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$, 48시간군 $2.5{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$로 24시간까지는 시간에 따라서 증가하나 24시간 이후로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) 폐포대식세포 분포의 시간 경과에 따른 변화는 fraction 1과 fraction 2는 의미 있게 증가되었으며 fraction 3는 의미 있게 감소하였다. fraction 4는 감소되어지는 양상을 보이나 통계적인 의의는 없었다. 4) 고밀도군에서 주로 관찰되는 세포는 세포 및 핵의 모양이 불규칙적이며 크기가 작고 한쪽으로 치우쳐 있으며, pseudopod, electron dense inclusion의 수가 현저히 많이 관찰됐다. 반면 저밀도군에서 주로 관찰되는 세포는 크기가 크고 세포 및 핵이 둥근형태를 보였다. heterogenous, empty inclusion이 보다 많이 관찰되었고 전반적인 inclusion의 수도 증가했다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과로 고농도산소에 의한 폐손상에서 특정한 폐포대식세포아형군이 폐손상에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 보여지며 추후 이들 세포군이 증가한 이유 및 기전과 이들 세포군의 기능 및 표현형등에 관한 연구가 계속되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.93-106
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• 2014

본 연구는 천연기념물 제374호 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 입지환경, 식생자원과 이용 및 관리현황을 조사하고, 현재 적용되는 관리구역에 대한 등급을 설정한 것으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲은 토지이용형태가 농업지역으로 변화하면서 대상지 주변지역으로의 개발압력에 의한 영향이 우려되며, 비자나무 숲 내 곶자왈지대는 종 다양성을 확보할 수 있는 기반요소로 원형보존의 관리계획 설정 및 지형의 변화를 야기하는 개발행위는 배제되어야 한다. 둘째, 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 소산식물상은 총 91과 263속 353종 41변종 8품종의 402분류군이 조사되었다. 이 중 환경부 지정 법정 멸종위기식물종 중 멸종위기식물 I II급에 해당하는 식물의 분포가 확인되었으나 현재의 서식처 변화 및 종의 병해, 불법 남획 등에 따른 개체 소실에 의해 비자나무 숲 내 종의 절멸 위험도 존재하므로 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 관리방안 설정 시 우선적으로 보호되어야 할 대상으로 고려되어야 한다. 셋째, 비자나무가 상관을 대표하는 식생구조를 나타내고 있으나, 노거수 위주의 영속적 관리와 보존전략은 빈약한 연령구조를 야기하였으며, 일부 구역의 인위적 관리에 의한 숲의 건조화, 자연적 천이에 의한 비자나무의 입지 감소 등의 문제점이 발생하는 바, 수목밀도의 조절 및 후계목 증식 등 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 특성을 유지할 수 있는 방안의 마련이 필요하다. 넷째, 이용에 따른 탐방로의 훼손이 발견되었으며, 특히 화산송이길의 훼손 및 분담율이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 화산송이의 단순한 보충보다는 현행 탐방로 외에 추가적인 관광루트 개발을 통한 분담율 완화 방안이 고려되어야 한다. 섯째, 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 관광요소 중 높은 선호도를 나타내는 식물적 요소는 이용에 관한 압력이 민감하게 작용하고, 비영속적인 특성상 지속적 모니터링이 필요하며, 추가적 관광요소 개발과 동시에 현재 높은 선호도를 나타내는 요소를 적극 활용하는 등의 방안이 마련되어야 한다. 여섯째, 보호강도별 중요도에 따라 I등급 지역은 존속개체군의 유지와 서식처의 훼손을 방지하고, II등급 지역은 연차별 숲의 재생을 위주로 관리방향을 설정하며, III등급 지역은 비자나무 시범림이나 후계목 증식을 위한 지역으로 설정되어야 한다. IV등급 지역은 고유 식생의 교란이 많이 발생하는 곳으로 부분별 휴식년제의 도입이 필요하다. V등급 지역은 비자나무 숲의 관광활용을 위한 서비스 공간 적지에 속한다. 상이한 등급의 지역 인접에 따른 가장자리효과에 대한 방안으로는 상대적으로 등급이 낮은 곳에 환경간섭을 피하기 위한 버퍼존의 설치와 주기적 모니터링이 요구된다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.151-163
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• 2016

거창지역의 쥬라기 화강암에서 발달하는 결의 특성을 분석하였다. 3개 면, 3개 결에 대한 평가는 (1) 미세균열의 간격의 빈도수(N), (2) 총 간격(${\leq}1mm$), (3) 평균 간격($S_{mean}$), (4) 평균 간격과 중앙 간격($S_{median}$) 사이의 차이값($S_{mean}-S_{median}$), (5) 간격의 밀도(${\rho}$), (6) 도표의 전체구간에 대한 두 지수 사이의 차이값(${\lambda}_H-{\lambda}_L$), (7) 지수의 평균값(${\lambda}_M$), (8) 지수의 상수의 평균값($a_M$), (9) 최초 교차점 이하의 구간에 대한 두 지수 사이의 차이값(${\lambda}t_H-{\lambda}t_L$), (10) 지수의 평균값(${\lambda}t_M$) 및 (11) 지수의 상수의 평균값($at_M$)과 같은 파라미터를 이용하여 수행하였다. 3개 결 그리고 3개 면에 대한 파라미터의 값 사이의 상관성 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. (I) 파라미터(1, 2, 7 및 8) 및 (II) 파라미터(3, 4 및 5)의 값은 (I) H(3번 결, (H1 + H2)/2) < G(2번 결, (G1 + G2)/2) < R(1번 결, (R1 + R2)/2) 및 (II) R < G < H의 순서이다. 반면에 3개 면에 대한 상기 두 그룹(I~II)의 파라미터의 값은 역순을 보여준다. 그 외에도, 3개 면에 대한 파라미터 $6({\lambda}_H-{\lambda}_L)$, 파라미터 $9({\lambda}t_H-{\lambda}t_L)$, 파라미터 $10({\lambda}t_M)$ 및 파라미터 $11(at_M)$의 값은 각각 R(1번 면, (G1 + H2)/2) < H(3번 면, (R2 + G2)/2) < G(2번 면, (R1 + H2)/2), H < G < R, H < R < G 및 R < H < G의 순이다. 3개 결에 대한 상기 네 파라미터의 값은 R < H < G, R < H < G, H < G < R 및 H < G < R의 다양한 순을 각각 보여준다. 한편, 두 방향의 도표 사이의 최초 접촉점 및 교차점에 해당되는 간격값을 도출하였다. 3개 결에 대한 상기 간격값은 1번 결(R1 및 R2) < 2번 결(G1 및 G2) < 3번 결(H1 및 H2)의 순이다. 3개 면에 대한 간격값은 1번 면(G1 및 H1) < 3번 면(R2 및 G2) < 2번 면(R1 및 H2)의 순이다. 특히 3개 결과 3개 면에 대한 교차각은 1번 결 및 1번 면 < 3번 결 및 3번 면 < 2번 결 및 2번 면의 순이다. 따라서, 1번 결(R1 및 R2) 및 1번 면(G1 및 H1)의 두 도표는 보다 높은 접촉점 또는 교차점의 빈도수를 보여준다. 이러한 변화 특성은 3개 면 및 3개 결의 종합도를 통하여 도출하였다. 마지막으로, 분포 형태와 함께 파라미터의 값을 통한 상관성 분석은 3개 채석면의 판별에 유용하다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2004

본 연구는 퇴비원료로 지정된 제약업종 부산물(공정오니) 및 화장품 제조업 폐수처리오니를 퇴비로서 활용 가능성을 판단하기 위하여 기존의 일반성분이나 중금속 성분 분석 이외 유기성. 화합물과 기타 여러 생물검정법 등을 활용하여 시용한 오니에 의한 토양 내 비료의 피해를 밝혀내고 이들의 평가방법을 확립하고자 포장시험을 수행하였다. 오니의 처리에 따른 HEM의 함량은 제약업종 오니2(PS2)와 화장품 오니(CS)처리가 각각 0.51, 1.10 mg/kg로 가장 높았고, PAHs의 함량은 제약업종 오니2(PS2) 처리에서 $3,406.8\;{\mu}g/kg$로 가장 높았다. 토양에 서식하는 미소동물의 밀도변화는 생육 중기(7월 23일) 및 수확기(10월 1일) 모두 제약오니2 및 돈분 처리구에서 가장 높았으며, 기타 처리구는 차이가 없이 아주 낮았다. 오니의 처리에 따른 세균 및 사상균의 균수는 제약업종오니2처리에서 각각 136, 909 cfu/g로 가장 많았고, 화장품오니도 각각 440, 236 cfu/g으로 다른 처리에 비해 많은 경향을 보였다. 제약오니 및 화장품오니 처리시 우점세균은 무비, 돈분처리에 비해 일정한 경향이 없었으나 3요소 처리보다 다양한 세균이 검출되었다. 오니의 처리에 따른 우점사상균은 무처리에 비해 제약업종 오니2와 화장품 오리처리에서 형태적 특징이 다른 콜로니가 검출되었으나 다른 처리는 비슷한 경향으로 종류간에 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. Microcosm test를 통하여 오니 처리 후 3개월이 경과한 토양의 오염정도를 평가한 결과는 제약업종 오니3과 화장품 오니처리는 약간 영향을 받아서 $80{\sim}90%$ 생존하였으나, 제약업종 오니1처리는 처리 2주(14일) 이후에는 급격히 생존율이 떨어져서 4주 이후에는 10%만 생존하였다. 그러나 6개월이 경과한 토양에서는 지렁이의 생존율은 제약업종 오니1처리만 약간 영향을 받은 것으로 보였으며 다른 처리들은 전혀 영향을 받지 않았던 것으로 조사되었다. 유기성 오니의 퇴비원료로 활용은 비료관리법의 비료공정규격 중 퇴비의 비고란에 "퇴비의 원료로 사용 가능한 물질과 사용 불가능한 물질"(별표1)에서 "퇴비의 원료 중 사전 분석검토 후 사용 가능한 원료에 대한 지정요령"에는 유기물과 중금속(8성분) 함량(건물중)과 제조공정 등을 검토하여 지정하고 있으나, 지정된 원료가 과연 퇴비원료로 적합한지 잘 알 수 없으며 또한 앞으로 현재의 퇴비원료 규정을 변경할 필요가 있을 경우를 대비하여 퇴비원료의 적합성 여부를 판별할 수 있는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 퇴비원료로 이미 지정('02. 12. 31)된 제약오니 및 화장품 오니를 과량으로 토양에 시용한 후 유해 유기화합물, 미소동물, 미생물 및 생물학적(지렁이) 유해성 검정방법의 도입 가능성을 평가하기 거하여 고추를 재배한 포장에서 비료의 피해시험을 실시한 과 유해 유기화합물과 생물학적(지렁이) 유해성 검정방법은 앞으로 연구를 통해서 보완할 경우 상당히 활용 가능성이 있는 좋은 평가방법인 것으로 생각된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.61-100
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• 1975

수도재배(水稻栽培)에 있어 작중토(作中土)의 유효규산함량(有效珪酸含量), ppm과 유기물함량(有機物含量)% 비(比) $SiO_2$/O.M. 근거(根據)한 N 적량(適量) 추정식(推定式) $Nkg/10a=(4.2+0.096\;SiO_2/O.M.).F$에서 N시비량(施肥量)을 추정(推定) 시용(施用)할 때의 적정(滴定) 가리(加里) 시용량(施用量) 추정식(推定式) $K_2Okg/10a=(K_O/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}-Ks/\sqrt{Ca+Mg})\sqrt{Ca+Mg}{\cdot}47{\cdot}BD$ 단 (但) $K_O/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}=0.03158+0.0007658\;SiO_2/O.M.$ $K_S/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}=Kme/100g/\sqrt{(Ca+Mg)}me/100g$의 타당성(妥當性) 여부(如否)를 판단(判斷)하기 위하여 3수준(水準)의 규회석처리(珪灰石處理)를 주구(主區)로하여 작토중(作土中)의 $SiO_2$/O.M. 비(比)를 증대(增大) 시키고 각주구별(各主區別)로 적정가리시용량(適正加里施用量) 추정식(推定式)에서 추정(推定)한 $K_2O$ 시용량(施用量)과 이에30%를 증비(增肥)하는구(區) 및 적정가리시용추정치(適正加里施用推定値)와는 관계(關係)없이 $K_2O\;8kg/10a$를 시용(施用)하는 3개수준(個水準)의 $K_2O$ 처리구(處理區)를 설정(設定)하여 수도품종(水稻品種) Akibare를 재배(栽培)하는 포장시험(圃場試驗)을 수행(遂行)하고 토양(土壤), 식물체분석(植物體分析) 및 수도(水稻)의 생육(生育)과 수량(收量) 및 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)들을 조사(調査)한 성적(成績)들을 종합검토(綜合檢討)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 작토중(作土中) 유효규산함량(有效珪酸含量) ppm과 유기물함량(有機物含量)%비(比), $SiO_2$/O.M.에 근거(根據)한 수도(水稻)에 대(對)한 N적량추정식(適量推定式)에서 추정(推定)한 N시용량(施用量)은 수도품종(水稻品種) Akibare의 생육(生育) 및 수량면(收量面)에서 볼 때 과량(過量)이었으며 토양(土壤) 및 식물체(植物體) 분석치(分析値)들에서 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) $SiO_2$/O.M. 비조절(比調節)의 기본원리(基本原理)는 합당(合當)하나 그 식(式)의 상수(常數) 또는 F값은 변동(變動)되여야 한다고 판단(判斷)되였다. 2. 작토중(作土中)의 K활성도(活性度) 치환성(置換性) 염기 me/100 g비(比) $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$를 조절(調節)하기 위한 $K_2O$ 시비량(施肥量) 추정식(推定式)에서 추정(推定)한 $K_2O$ 시용량(施用量)은 수도품종(水稻品種) Akibare의 생육(生育) 및 수량면(收量面)에서 과량(過量)이였으며 토양(土壤) 및 식물체(植物體) 분석치(分析値)들에서 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 조절기준(調節基準)되는 $K_O/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$의 설정식(設定式) 즉(卽) $K_O/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}=0.03158+0.0007658\;SiO_2/O.M.$의 원리(原理)는 합리적(合理的)이나 기상수(其常數)의 변동(變動)이 필요(必要)하며 $K_S/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$에 있어서도 토양(土壤)의 K공급능(供給能)을 고려(考慮)할수 있는 새로운 조절기준(調節基準)이 설정(設定)되어야 한다고 판단(判斷)되였다. 3. 수도(水滔)에 대한 $K_2O$ 시용량(施用量) 추정식중(推定式中)의 $K_S/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ 조절(調節) 기준(基準)은 K 공급능(供給能)을 대표(代表)할수 있는 작토중(作土中)의 치환성(置換性) Kme/100g에 근거(根據)해서 마음과 같이 설정(設定)함이 보다 합리적(合理的)임을 수도품종(水稻品種) Akibare의 천상수량 $K_2O$ 흡수량면(吸收量面)에서 밝힐수 있었다. 즉 $K_S/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}=0.037+0.78Kme/100g$.