• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary microbial probiotics on the growth and disease resistance of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), and the effects of the probiotic bioaugmentation on the microbial community structure and water quality. For the analysis, 80 juvenile fish (average weight, $25.7{\pm}7.6g$; average length, $15.2{\pm}1.7cm$) were fed a basal diet containing a commercial microbial product CES-AQ1 (CES; $1{\times}10^9\;CFU/kg$ diet) in an RAS for 8 weeks. Weight gain, the specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of the fish fed the CES diet in the RAS were 1.5~2.5 times higher than those of fish fed the basal diet alone, or the basal diet containing oxytetracycline (OTC), yeast plus bacterium, or Bacillus subtilis in a still water system. There was no significant difference in the pathogen challenge test between fish fed the OTC diet and fish fed the CES diet in the RAS, suggesting the CES-AQ1 probiotic used in the RAS as a potential replacement for antibiotics. The RAS biofilter maintained the highest microbial diversity and appeared to harbor microbial communities with ammonium oxidation, denitrification, and fish pathogen suppression functions. Ammonia, which is hazardous to fish, was significantly decreased to < 0.5 mg/L in 19 days, indicating the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation to maintain good water quality in RAS. These results suggest that the intestinal microbial communities of fish are stabilized by a probiotic-containing diet (CES) and that bioaugmentation with probiotics may be an eco-friendly and economical supplement for aquaculture of olive flounder, promoting both good water quality and fish health in an RAS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.524-537
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• 2017

This study examined the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics, health related factors, physical functions (ADL, IADL), mental functions (CES-D, MMSE-K), oral health impact profile (OHIP-14), and the quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) for the elderly in long-term care facilities. The research was conducted in 602 facility allowance beneficiaries authorized to be eligible for long-term care in long-term care facilities through personal interviews using a structured questionnaire from May 1 to June 30, 2016. As a result, the quality of life was lower among females than males in the group receiving government subsidies than the group whose livelihood was maintained by themselves or their children, in the group with a longer period of care, in the drinking group than the non-drinking group, in the group with irregular exercise than the regular exercise, in the group with irregular meals than regular meals, in the group with poor subjective health conditions than good subjective health condition, in the group with a smaller number of daily toothbrushing, in the group with xerostomia than no xerostomia, in the group with a lower OHIP-14, in the group with a lower ADL and IADL, and in the group with a lower CES-D and MMSE-K. In particular, the quality of life was affected more by health-related factors and CES-D and MMSE-K than by other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to prevent depression and cognitive impairment, including health-related behavior, with the objective of improving the quality of life for the elderly in long-term care facilities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.500-511
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of the physical functions (ADL, IADL), mental functions (CES-D, MMSE-K) and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) on the quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) of the elderly in long-term care facilities. The study subjects were 602 elderly people, who were surveyed at the entrance to the long-term care facilities. The interviews were conducted using a questionnaire during the period from May 1, to June 30, 2014. As a result, the quality of life was affected more by the CES-D and MMSE-K than by the ADL and IADL or by OHIP-14; the quality of life improved with a higher ADL, IADL, and OHIP-14 and a higher CES-D and MMSE-K. A higher OHIP-14, ADL and IADL resulted in a higher CES-D and MMSE-K. These results suggested that the quality of life is correlated significantly with the physical functions (ADL, IADL), mental functions (CES-D, MMSE-K), and the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14).

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.263-274
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the correlation of insomnia, sleep quality, depression, and circadian rhythm in nursing students. Methods: A total of 213 subjects completed a questionnaire consisting of their general characteristics, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), and Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using the SPSS 23.0 program. Results: The subjects' mean scores were ISI 7.18; PSQI 11.18; CES-D 16.00; and CSM 30.18. In insomnia, there were significant differences according to caffeine, perceived health status and major satisfaction. In sleep quality, there were significant differences according to perceived health status and major satisfaction. Significant differences in depression were observed according to gender, caffeine, subjective health status, major satisfaction, and circadian rhythm by drinking and exercise. A significant positive correlation was observed among ISI, PSQI, and CES-D. ISI and CES-D were negatively correlated. Conclusion: Tailored health care programs should be developed and applied to prevent and manage sleep-related and emotion-related problems in nursing students by considering the health status, major satisfaction, and gender.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 2018

In this paper, we generalize the concept of deferred density to that of deferred f-density, where f is an unbounded modulus and introduce a new non-matrix convergence method, namely deferred f-statistical convergence or $S^f_{p,q}$-convergence. Apart from studying the $K{\ddot{o}}the$-Toeplitz duals of $S^f_{p,q}$, the space of deferred f-statistically convergent sequences, a decomposition theorem is also established. We also introduce a notion of strongly deferred $Ces{\grave{a}}ro$ summable sequences defined by modulus f and investigate the relationship between deferred f-statistical convergence and strongly deferred $Ces{\grave{a}}ro$ summable sequences defined by f.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1336-1341
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• 2013

Through reviewing the characteristics of digital TVs, which have emerged in CES since 2005, in the view of technology growth and substitution curves, this paper is to provide a prediction on the next generation's multi-media on smart environment. As a result, digital TV has been developed on the flow of its technology growth curve from the early version in 2005 to smart digital TV in 2013, which emphasizes the key word "connected", and it has already come to the market puberty.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2000

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a narrowing of the esophageal lumen from birth. Three types of CES have been described; tracheobronchial remnants (TBR), membranous web (MW), and fibromuscular stenosis (FMS). We reviewed the clinical features and the surgical outcome of 14 patients, pathologically confirmed as CES. Nine patients had TBR, 3 FMS, and 2 MVV. The mean age at operation was 3.8 years. Five patients were boys and 9 girls. Four patients had other congenital anomalies. Segmental resection of the lesion and end to end anastomosis was utilized in all cases except one who underwent myotomy. The stenotic segment was located at the distal esophagus in all patients. There were 8 complications in 6 patients, but no mortality. The mean follow-up period was 68 months. There were no feeding problems but 3 patients had minor gastroesophageal reflux. Our result indicates that segmental resection and anastomosis is a satisfactory surgical procedure in the management of CES.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.1504-1511
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• 2009

By development of renewable energies and high-efficient facilities and deregulated electricity market, the operation cost of distributed generation(DG) becomes more competitive. The amount of distributed resource is considerably increasing in the distribution network consequently. Also, international environmental regulations of the leaking carbon become effective to keep pace with the global efforts for low-carbon paradigm. It contributes to spread out the business of DG. Therefore, the operator of DG is able to supply electric power to customers who are connected directly to DG as well as loads that are connected to entire network. In this situation, community energy system(CES) having DGs is recently a new participant in the energy market. DG's purchase price from the market is different from the DG's sales price to the market due to the transmission service charges and etc. Therefore, CES who owns DGs has to control the produced electric power per hourly period in order to maximize the profit. If there is no regulation for carbon emission(CE), the generators which get higher production than generation cost will hold a prominent position in a competitive price. However, considering the international environment regulation, CE newly will be an important element to decide the marginal cost of generators as well as the classified fuel unit cost and unit's efficiency. This paper will introduce the optimal operation of CES's DG connected to the distribution network considering CE. The purpose of optimization is to maximize the profit of CES and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) will be used to solve this problem. The optimal operation of DG represented in this paper is to be resource to CES and system operator for determining the decision making criteria.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

Agricultural soils surrounding mine areas in South Korea are often contaminated with multiple metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn. It poses potential risks to plants, soil organisms, groundwater, and eventually human health. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in phytoavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn after application with calcined eggshell (CES; 0, 1, 3, and 5% W/W) in an agricultural soil contaminated by mine tailings. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils were 8.79, 65.4, 1602, and $692mgkg^{-1}$ (aqua regia dissolution), respectively. The experiments were conducted with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) grown under greenhouse conditions during a 30-d period. $NH_4NO_3$ solution was used to examine the mobile fraction of these metals in soil. The application of CES dramatically increased soil pH and inorganic carbon content in soil due to CaO and $CaCO_3$ of CES. The increased soil pH decreased the mobile fraction of Cd, Pb, Zn: from 3.49 to < $0.01mgkg^{-1}$ for Cd, from 79.4 to $1.75mgkg^{-1}$ for Pb, and from 29.6 to $1.13mgkg^{-1}$ for Zn with increasing treatment of CES from 0 to 5%. In contrast, the mobile fraction of Cu was increased from 0.05 to $3.08mgkg^{-1}$, probably due to the formation of soluble $CuCO_3{^0}$ and Cu-organic complex. This changes in the mobile fraction resulted in a diminished uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by lettuce and an increased uptake of Cu: from 4.19 to < $0.001mgkg^{-1}$ dry weight (DW) for Cd, from 0.78 to < $0.001mgkg^{-1}$ DW for Pb, and from 133 to $50.0mgkg^{-1}$ DW for Zn and conversely, from 3.79 up to $8.21kg^{-1}$ DW for Cu. The increased contents of Cu in lettuce shoots did not exceed the toxic level of $>25mgkg^{-1}$ DW. The mobile contents of these metals in soils showed a strong relationship with their contents in plant roots and shoots. These results showed that CES effectively reduced the phytoavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn to lettuce but elevated that of Cu in consequence of the changed binding forms of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils. Based on these conclusions, CES can be used as an effective immobilization agent for Cd, Pb and Zn in contaminated soils. However, the CES should be applied in restricted doses due to too high increased pH in soils.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.567-578
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• 2017

Many scholars studied the boundedness of $Ces{\grave{a}}ro$ operators between $Q_K$ spaces and Bloch spaces of holomorphic functions in the unit disc in the complex plane, however, they did not describe the compactness. Let 0 < ${\alpha}$ < $+{\infty}$, K(r) be right continuous nondecreasing functions on (0, $+{\infty}$) and satisfy $${\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_0}^{\frac{1}{e}}}K({\log}{\frac{1}{r}})rdr<+{\infty}$$. Suppose g is a holomorphic function in the unit disk. In this paper, some sufficient and necessary conditions for the extended $Ces{\grave{a}}ro$ operators $T_g$ between ${\alpha}$-Bloch spaces and $Q_K$ spaces in the unit disc to be bounded and compact are obtained.