• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.2097-2100
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• 2013

Background: To estimate the numbers and trends in cervix cancer cases visiting the Radiotherapy Department at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, statistical modelling from retrospective data was applied. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on data for a total of 159 patients treated for cervix cancer at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, between $28^{th}$ September 2000 and $31^{st}$ December 2008. Theoretical statistics were used for statistical modelling and forecasting. Results: Using curve fitting method, Linear, Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Compound, Power and Exponential growth models were validated. Including the constant term, none of the models fit the data well. Excluding the constant term, the cubic model demonstrated the best fit, with $R^2$=0.871 (p=0.004). In 2008, the observed and estimated numbers of cases were same (12). According to our model, 273 patients with cervical cancer are expected to visit the hospital in 2015. Conclusions: Our data predict a significant increase in cervical cancer cases in this region in the near future. This observation suggests the need for more focus and resource allocation on cervical cancer screening and treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6899-6903
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• 2013

Background: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow-up facilities, it is difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area. Objective: An attempt was here made to arrive at complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect to selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 years cancer survival data available for selected population-based registries. Materials and Methods: Survival data, available for the registries of Bhopal, Chennai, Karunagappally, and Mumbai was pooled to generate survival for breast, cervix, ovary, lung, stomach and mouth cancers. With the available data on survival for 1, 3 and 5 years, a model was fitted and the survival curve was extended beyond 5 years (up to 35 years) for each of the selected sites. This helped in generation of survival proportions by single year and thereby survival of cancer cases. With the help of survival proportions available year-wise and the incidence, prevalence figures were arrived for selected cancer sites and for selected periods. Results: The prevalence to incidence ratio (PI ratio) stabilized after a certain duration for all the cancer sites showing that from the knowledge of incidence, the prevalence can be calculated. The stabilized P/I ratios for the cancer sites of breast, cervix, ovary, stomach, lung, mouth and for life time was observed to be 4.90, 5.33, 2.75, 1.40, 1.37, 4.04 and 3.42 respectively. Conclusions: The validity of the model approach to calculate prevalence could be demonstrated with the help of survival data of Barshi registry for cervix cancer, available for the period 1988-2006.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.261-270
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the effect of gestation on the histological and histochemical changes of the uterine cervix of the native Korean cattle. A total of 110 cows obtained from the Chonhuk abattoir were divided into six groups. The 1st group was of 9 non-pregnant cows and 101 singleton pregnant cows were grouped into 5 groups from pregnant I to pregnant V according to gestation periods by means of crown rump length measures. For light microscopy the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin and processed routinely for paraffin sections The $6{\mu}m$ sections were taken and stained with H-E, Alcian blue pH 1.0, Alcian blue pH 2.5, Alcian blue pH 2.5/PAS, PAS reaction, toluidin blue, and trichrome. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The cervical lengths and widths were increased in relation to advancing gestation. 2. The cervical folds of the pregnant groups were increased and complicated with many branches, and the cervical muscosal epithelia were increased in according to advancing gestation. 3. As advancing gestation, the tunics muscularis of cervix was increased following moderate distribution of fibroblast and vascularity, meanwhile decreased mast cells were found. 4. The cervical mucosubstance was composed of mixed mucopolysaccharides; the acid mucus was increased from the early pregnant state but the neutral mucus was found after pregnant IV, and the mucus was stained deeply in each staining in the fold cavity in according to gestation state.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5643-5645
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• 2015

Background: The aim was to see compliance to minimum data set information in carcinoma cervix histopathology reports from a team of 13 pathologists; and also to analyse the distribution of parameters like tumor size, grade, depth of cervical stromal invasion, lymph node yield and pTNM stage. Materials and Methods: All pathology reports of radical hysterectomy for carcinoma cervix operated in house within a three year duration (2010-2012), (n=204) were retrieved from medical records and analyzed for the above parameters. Results: In 2010- 59 cases, in 2011- 67 cases and in 2012- 78 cases of carcinoma cervix underwent operations in our hospital. The median age was 50.5 years and the maximum T diameter was 2.8 cms in the reports of three years. Squamous carcinoma was the commonest subtype amongst all the tumors. It was noted that 60.8% of cases had cervical stromal involvement more than half the thickness of the cervical stroma. Parametrial involvement was seen in 4.82% of cases. pTNM Staging was not mentioned in 65.06% of the cases. The mean bilateral pelvic lymph node yield count in our study was 16.6 inclusive of all the three years. Conclusions: Compliance with provision of a minimum dataset in our team of 13 pathologists was generally good. Lymph node yield in our hands is reasonable, but constant striving for greater numbers should be made. pTNM staging should be more meticulously documented. Use of proformas /checklists is recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II positive (MHC II+) (HLA-DP-like) cells in the cow uterus (cervix, corpus and cornu uteri) and to compare these cells between the estrus and diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Twenty-nine multiparous cows were used. Tissue samples from the middle of the cervix, the corpus and the right cornu were taken immediately after slaughter at the estrus or diestrus phase. Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex staining was used to detect MHC II+ cells. The number of MHC II+ cells per unit area of tissue was counted using image analysis software under a light microscope. Numerous MHC II+ cells were found in the endometrium (cervix, corpus and cornu uteri) in both estrus and diestrus. MHC II+ cells were found in the surface epithelium of the cervix uteri in diestrus, but in the corpus uteri in both estrus and diestrus and in the cornu uteri in estrus. MHC II+ cells were also found freely in the lumen of the glands and between the gland epithelia of the corpus and cornu uteri in both estrus and diestrus. There were also MHC II+ cells in the connective tissue of the myometrium and perimetrium (outside the endometrium) and around the blood vessels. Endothelial cells were frequently positive for MHC II staining. More MHC II+ cells were found in the endometrium than outside the endometrium in both estrus and diestrus (p<0.001). However, there was no difference in the numbers of positive cells between estrus and diestrus either in the endometrium or outside it. These results are the first evidence for HLA-DP-like MHC II+ cells in the bovine uterus. They indicate that antigen presentation by HLA-DP-like MHC II+ cells of the uterus is not influenced by hormonal status.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.859-862
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• 2015

In view of funding crunches and inadequate manpower in cytology in developing countries like India, single lifetime screening for cervical cancer has been suggested. In this study, an attempt was made to cscreening to make it more effective for early detection. Cytological data were derived from the ongoing routine cervical cytology screening program for women attending Gynaecology Out Patient Department of Queen Mary's Hospital of K.G.Medical University, Lucknow, India during a span of 35 years (April 1971 - December 2005). Cervical smears in a total of 38,256 women were cytologically evaluated. The frequencies of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL) and carcinoma cervix were found to be 7.0% and 0.6%, respectively, in the series. Predisposing factors related to cervical carcinogenesis were analyzed in detail to establish the most vulnerable groups of women for single life time screening. The incidence of SIL and carcinoma cervix was found to be maximal in women above the age of 40 years irrespective of parity and in multiparous women (with three or more children) irrespective of age. The incidence of cervical cytopathologies was significantly higher in symptomatic women, the frequency of SIL being alarmingly higher in women complaining of contact bleeding and that of carcinoma cervix in older women with postmenopausal bleeding. It is consequently felt that single life time screening must include the three groups of women delineated above. Such selective screening appears to be the most economical, cost effective and feasible approach to affordably control the menace of cervical cancer in developing countries like India.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.481-491
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• 1995

Endovaginal and endorectal receiver only surface coils were designed for MR imaging (MRI) and $^1H$ MR spectroscopy (MRS) for the uterine cervix and the prostate. The shape of endovaginal coil wire was rectangular with round corner. Size of the coil wire was empirically determined for 7cm and 4cm along the long and short axis, respectively. The coil wire loop was supported by acryl handle and bent about $150^{\circ}$ at one side of the loop considering the average angle of the cervix to the vagina. We called this as a "spoon-type endovaginal coil". The wire of the endorectal coil was made of the flexible materials so that the wire loop became long elliptic shape by pushing the acryl handle into the plastic tube for the comfort of patients when the coil was inserted into the cervix. Then, the shape was maintained to be circle by popping out handle. Conventional spin echo (SE) and fast spin echo (FSE) sequences were used as 71 and 72 weighted imaging sequences, respectively. Matrix size was 128~$256{\times}256$. FOVs for surface coil and body coil were 14cm and 24cm, respectively. 3D volume localized in vivo $^1H$ MR spectroscopy of the human cervix and prostate was performed using PRESS or STEAM localization method with the following parameters . TR=3 sec, TE=135 msec for PRESS or 30 msec for STEAM, NEX=2, NS=48, Sl=2048, and SW=2500 Hz. Using home-built endovaginal and endorectal coils, excellent T1- and T2-images were obtained to visualize early cervical and prostate tumors. 3D volume localized in vivo IH MRS was useful to differentiate the cancerous tissue from the normal tissue.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.05d
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• pp.33-37
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• 2003

Endovaginal and endorectal receiver only surface coil were designed for MR imaging(MRI) and $^1H$ MR spectroscopy(MRS) for the uterine cervix and the prostate. The shape of endovaginal coil wire was rectangular with round comer. The shape of endorectal coil wire was long elliptic shape during insertion and circular shape after insertion. Conventional spin echo and fast spin echo sequences were used as T1 and T2 weighted imaging sequences, respectively. 3D volume localized in vivo $^1H$ MR spectroscopy of the human cervix and prostate was performed using PRESS or STEAM localization method. Using home-built endvaginal and endorectal coils, excellent T1 and T2 images were obtained to visualize early cervical and prostate tumors. 3D volume localized in vivo $^1H$ MRS was useful to differentiate the cancerous tissue from the normal tissue.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2619-2623
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• 2012

The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes differs in various target organs. HPV16 is the most prevalent genotype in the cervix while genotypes 6 and 11 are highly prevalent in skin and aero-digestive tract infections. In this study HPV11 positive specimens were selected from cervix, larynx and lung biopsy tissue to analyze the whole genome by PCR and direct sequencing. Five HPV11 whole genomes were characterized, consisting of two cervical specimens, two laryngeal specimens and one lung specimen. The results showed high homology of HPV11 in these organs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all HPV11 derived from various organs belonged to the same lineage. Molecular characterization and functional studies can further our understanding of virulence, expression or transmission. Additional studies on functional protein expression at different organ sites will also contribute to our knowledge of HPV infection in various organs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4013-4017
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• 2016

Background: To compare the pathological findings and oncologic outcomes of stage IA cervical carcinoma patients, between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 151 medical records of stage IA cervical carcinoma patients undergoing primary surgical treatment during 2006-2013 were reviewed. Information from pathological diagnosis and recurrence rates were compared with descriptive statistical analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used for survival analysis. Results: The median age was 48.9 years. There was no significant difference in rates of lymph node, parametrium, uterine, vaginal, or ovarian metastasis, when comparing adenocarcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma. Overall recurrence rates of adenocarcinoma (5.7%) and squamous cell carcinoma (2.6%) were not statistically significant different, even when stratified by stage. When comparing progression free survival with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma had an HR of 0.448 (0.073-2.746), p=0.386. Conclusions: Microinvasive adenocarcinoma of cervix has similar rate of extracervical involvement and oncologic outcomes to squamous cell carcinoma.