• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2004

배경: 경두개 초음파 검사는 색전의 위험이 있는 환자에서 미세색전 신호를 진단할 수 있다. 미세색전 신호의 임상적 중요성은 인공 기계 심장 판막 환자에서는 아직 증명되지 않았다. 우리는 인공 기계 심장 판막 수술 후의 뇌 혈전색전증과 산소 흡입 중 측정되는 미세색전 신호의 관련성을 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법: 인공 기계 심장 판막 수술 후 뇌 혈전색전증의 병력이 있는 20명의 환자군과 성별, 연령별로 일치시킨 30명의 대조군을 대상으로 연구하였다. 경두개 초음파 검사로 일측 중대뇌동맥을 감시하였다. 20분간의 기초 검사 후 40분 동안 100% 산소를 흡입하면서 검사하였다. 결과: 인공 기계 심장 판막의 수술 부위와 수술 후 기간은 환자군과 대조군의 차이가 없었다. 기초 검사 동안 측정된 미세색전 신호의 양성률과 빈도는 양 군 간의 차이가 없었다. 산소 흡입 중 환자군은 대조군에 비하여 미세색전 신호의 양성률이 높았고(55%, 27.6%, p=0.045), 미세색전 신호수도 흔하였다(p=0.027). 결론: 산소 흡입을 이용한 경두개 초음파 검사는 인공 기계 심장 판막 이식 환자에서 임상적으로 의미가 있는 미세색전의 감별에 도움이 된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2000

저자들은 후향적 연구로 1995년 1월부터 1999년 3월까지 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원에 내원하여 경흉부 및 경식도 심초음파를 시행한 승모판 협착증 환자 중 1년 이상 경과 관찰된 127명의 환자를 대상으로 뇌경색의 예측인자를 알아봄으로써 향후 예방 및 치료에 도움을 주고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 전체 127명의 대상군은 뇌경색이 발생한 군(Group I; n=26, 나이: $55.0{\pm}13$세)과 뇌경색이 발생하지 않은 군(Group II: n=101, 나이: $48.5{\pm}13$)으로 나누었으며, 두구간에 성별이나 심부전의 정도(NYHA functional class)에는 의미있는 차이가 없었다. 뇌경색군(Goup I)에서 나이가 많았으며($55.0{\pm}13$ vs $48.5{\pm}13$;p<0.05) 좌심방 크기가 보다 컸으며($5.10{\pm}0.48$ vs $4.81{\pm}0.70$;p<0.05), 승모판구 면적이 보다 작았고($1.01{\pm}0.39$ vs $1.21{\pm}0.45$:p<0.05), 심방세동의 유병률이 보다 높았다(22명/26명 vs 57명/101명;p<0.05). 좌심방의 자발에코 영상은 뇌경색군(22명/26명)에서 비뇌경색군(44명/101명)보다 더 많이 관찰되었다(p<0.001). 상기 의미있는 변수들을 Multivariate logistic regression 분석결과 통계학적으로 유의한 예측인자는 심방세동(R.R=7.69)과 항응고제 치료(R.R=0.23)이었다. 결론적으로, 승모판 협착증 환자에서 뇌경색 발생과 연관된 유의한 예측인자는 심방세동과 항응고제 치료였으며, 나이와 좌심방 크기, 승모판구 면적, 좌심방의 자발에코영상도 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 따라서 심방세동을 동반한 고연령의 중증 승모판 협착증 환자에서는 조기 항응고제 투여가 전신색전증 예방에 주요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.332-337
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• 2011

Background: The optimal timing of surgery for infective endocarditis complicated by embolic stroke is unclear. We compared early versus delayed surgery in these patients. Materials and Methods: Between 1992 and 2007, 56 consecutive patients underwent open cardiac surgery for the treatment of infective endocarditis complicated by acute septic embolic stroke, 34 within 2 weeks (early group) and 22 more than 2 weeks (delayed group) after the onset of stroke. Results: The mean age at time of surgery was $45.7{\pm}14.8$ years. Stroke was ischemic in 42 patients and hemorrhagic in 14. Patients in the early group were more likely to have highly mobile, large (>1 cm in diameter) vegetation and less likely to have hemorrhagic infarction than those in the delayed group. There were two (3.7%) intraoperative deaths, both in the early group and attributed to neurologic aggravation. Among the 54 survivors, 4 (7.1%), that is, 2 in each group, showed neurologic aggravation. During a median follow-up of 61.7 months (range, 0.4~170.4 months), there were 5 late deaths. Overall 5-year neurologic aggravation-free survival rates were $79.1{\pm}7.0%$ in the early group and $90.9{\pm}6.1%$ in the delayed group (p=0.113). Conclusion: Outcomes of early operation for infective endocarditis in stroke patients were similar to those of the conventional approach. Early surgical intervention may be preferable for patients at high risk of life-threatening septic embolism.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.446-455
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• 1985

A total and consecutive 156 patients have undergone cardiac valve surgery including 13 closed mitral commissurotomy, 13 open mitral commissurotomy, one mitral annuloplasty, 75 mitral valve replacement, one aortic annuloplasty, 24 aortic valve replacement, 3 tricuspid valve replacement, 25 double valve replacement and one triple valve replacement. 155 prosthetic valves were replaced in a period between September 1976 and August 1985. There were 68 males and 88 females with age range from 8 to 69 yrs [mean 36.5 yr]. Out of replaced valves, 61 was tissue valve including 54 Carpentier-Edwards, and 4 was mechanical valves including 74 St. Jude Medical, and the position replaced was 101 valves for mitral, 46 for aortic and 8 for tricuspid. Single valve replacement in 102 cases, double valve replacement in 25 cases [17 for AVR+MVR, and 8 for MVR+TVR], and only one case was noted in the triple valve replacement. Early mortality within 30 days after operation was noted in 11 cases [7%]; 7 after MVR, 2 after DVR, and each one after open mitral commissurotomy and mitral annuloplasty. Cause of death was valve thrombus, cerebral air embolism, low output syndrome, uncontrollable arrhythmia, parapneumonic sepsis, acute cardiac tamponade and left atrial rupture. 7 late deaths were noted during the follow-up period from 1 to 104 months [average 48 month]; three due to valve and left atrial thrombus formation, two due to CVA from overdose of warfarin, and each one due to congestive heart failure and chronic constrictive pericarditis, Anticoagulants after prosthetic valve replacement were maintained with warfarin, dipyridamole and aspirin to the level of around 50% of normal prothrombin time in 79 cases, and Ticlopidine with aspirin in 47 cases to compare the result of each group. There were 11 major thromboembolic episodes including 3 deaths in the warfarin group. Two cases of CVA due to overdose of warfarin was noted in the warfarin group. In the ticlopidine group, there was only one left atrial thrombus confirmed at the time of autopsy. Among the survived 138 cases, nearly all cases[136 cases] were included in NYHA functional class I and II during the follow-up period. In conclusion, surgical treatment of the cardiac valve disease in 156 clinical cases revealed excellent result with acceptable operative risk and late mortality. Prevention of thrombus formation with anti-platelet aggregator Ticlopidine has better result than warfarin group presently with no specific side effect such as bleeding or gastrointestinal trouble.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 1987

This report provides follow-up data on 557 patients [73 aortic, 357 mitral, and 127 multiple valve replacements] undergone lonescu-Shiley pericardial Xenograft valve replacement at Seoul National University Hospital between January, 1979 and December, 1985. There were 35 early death [6.3%] and 522 operative survivors were observed, and the cumulative follow-up is 1,140 patient-years [mean: 2.18 years per patient] The thromboembolic complications occurred in 34 cases [3.0% per patient-year] and the rate was 2.1% per patient-year for mitral and 0.3% per patient-year for aortic valve replacement in the presence of anticoagulation therapy. Among the 34 embolic episodes, 9 patients were dead [0.8% per patient-year] and the cause of death were 5 cerebral thromboembolism, 2 pulmonary embolism, and 2 intracerebral hemorrhage due to inappropriate anticoagulation after thromboembolic episode. Actuarial probability [+ SEM] of remaining free of thromboembolism for AVR is 88.1 x 11.1% at 5 years, for MVR 79.1 a 13.4% at 7 years and for multiple valve replacement 77.2 e 5.21% at 7 years. The incidence rate of thromboembolic complications after AVR is not less than that of MVR [0.3 Among the potential thromboembolic risk factors, atrial fibrillation is possible risk factor to increase the thromboembolic complication [0.05 < P < 0.1], but the importance of other factors, such as atrial clot, large left atrial size, mitral position, NYHA functional class, and age is less definite. A careful follow-up and the proper control of anticoagulation without omission, poor control, and arbitrary withdrawal is important for the successful management of the thromboembolic complications and the anticoagulation-related morbidity and mortality.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.620-626
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• 2017

Objective : Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is frequently related to dehydration, the impact of dehydration on VTE in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is not clear. This study investigated whether dehydration, as measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine (Cr) ratio, influences the occurrence of VTE in patients with AIS. Methods : This is a retrospective study of patients with AIS between January 2012 and December 2013. Patients with newly diagnosed AIS who experienced prolonged hospitalization for at least 4 weeks were included in this study. Results : Of 182 patients included in this study, 17 (9.3%) suffered VTE during the follow-up period; in two cases, VTE was accompanied by deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Patients with VTE were more frequently female and had higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, more lower limb weakness, and elevated blood urea nitrogen BUN/Cr ratio on admission. In a multivariate analysis, BUN/Cr ratio >15 (odds ratio [OR] 8.75) and severe lower limb weakness (OR 4.38) were independent risk factors for VTE. Conclusion : Dehydration on admission in cases of AIS might be a significant independent risk factor for VTE.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.627-634
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• 2017

Objective : Few studies have reported the outcome of mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire stent retrival (MTSR) in subtypes of acute ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and result of MTSR in acute cardioembolic stroke. Methods : Twenty consecutive patients with acute cardioembolic stroke were treated by MTSR. The angiographic outcome was assessed by thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grade. TICI grade 2a, 2b, or 3 with a measurable thrombus that was retrieved was considered as a success when MTSR was performed in the site of primary vessel occlusion, and TICI grade 2b or 3 was considered as a success when final result was reported. Clinical and radiological results were compared between two groups divided on the basis of final results of MTSR. Persistent thrombus compression sign on angiogram was defined as a stenotic, tapered arterial lumen whenever temporary stenting was performed. The clinical outcomes were assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months. Results : The failure rate of MTSR was 20% (4/20) and other modalities, such as permanent stenting, were needed. Final successful recanalization (TICI grade 2b or 3) was 80% when other treatments were included. The rate of good outcome ($mRS{\leq}2$) was 35% at the 3-month follow-up. Failure of MTSR was significantly correlated with persistent thrombus compression sign (p=0.001). Conclusion : Some cases of cardioembolic stroke are resistant to MTSR and may need other treatment modalities. Careful interpretation of angiogram may be helpful to the decision.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 1989

A total of 420 pyrolytic carbon mechanical valves were implanted in 336 patients from January, 1984, through Jung, 1988. Of the valves implanted, 131 were Bjork-Shiley, 250 St-Jude, and 39 Duromedics. The cumulative follow-up was 398 patient-years with a mean follow-up of 14.4 months per patients. Among 336 patients, 175 had mitral, 68 aortic, 82 multiple, 10 tricuspid, and one pulmonary valve replacement. The hospital mortality figures were 9 of 336[2.67%] in all, 5 of 175[2.85%] in isolated mitral, 1 of 68[1.47%] in isolated aortic and 3 of 82[3.65%] in multiple valve replacement. The causes of hospital mortality were myocardial failure in 5, sepsis in 2, bleeding in 1, cerebral embolism in l. There was no late valve related mortality. The actuarial survival rate at 4.5years was 99.4*0.1%. The complications occurred in 15 of 336[4.46%]; 7 of 175[4.0%] in isolated mitral, 4 of 68[5.88%] in isolated aortic, and 4 of 82[4.89%] in multiple valve replacement. The causes of complications were thromboembolism in 4, hemorrhage in 4, paravalvular leakage in 4, hepatitis in 2, and complete AV block in l. Actuarial probability of survival at 4.5 years was 95.0*0.1%. The low mortality and complications encourage us to applicate these valves to any patient including children and young women.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.498-505
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• 1983

It has been over 20 years since successful operations of Cardiac valves at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, college of medicine, Yonsei University. About six hundreds of patients with severely symptomatic valvular heart disease have had valve operations with complete loss or sharp decrease in their cardiac symptoms since 1956. As the number of cardiac patient increases, reoperation on valves assumes greater importance. To define the group of patients undergoing reoperations on valves and the factors influencing their survival, we have reviewed our experiences of the reoperation on valves at the Yonsei University, Severance Hospital. This is a report of 29 cases which was undergone secondary or more surgery for valvular heart disease from 1966 to 1983. The primary operations includes 159 cases of open heart surgery from 1966 to 1975 and 476 cases from 1976 to march, 1983. The secondary operations are classified into groups of secondary valvuloplasty or valvotomy [8 cases], prosthetic valve replacement following valvuloplasty or valvotomy [14 cases] and prosthetic valve rereplacement [2 case] for such as calcification, degeneration and perforation of the cusps and paravalvular leakage, of the bioprosthetic valves. The leading indication for reoperation of mitral valve was restenosis or stenoinsufficiency, The indications of aortic valve replacement was active bacterial endocarditis, medically uncontrollable prosthetic endocarditis or paravalvular leakage. Overall death rate of the reoperation was 17.4% [5 death among the 29 patients] and the leading causes of death were myocardial failure, arrhythmia, cerebral embolism, acute renal failure due to low output syndrome. And it was followed by sepsis associated with active prosthetic endocarditis. The death rate of reoperation was 4.3% in the elective cases except urgent cases and the death rate of overall cardiac valve except reoperation cases was 4.1% in the last two years. Although the general mortality of reoperation was high, both mortality rates were comparable except emergency cases due to urgent preoperative patient’s condition.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 1996

1986년 1월 부터 1994년 7월까지 원광대학병원 흉부외과학교실에서는 23명의 감염성 심내막염 환자를 수술하였다. 남녀의 비는 13:5 이 었고 평균 43.7세 이었다. 분포는 고유판막 심내막염 21례, 인공판막 심내막염 2례이었고 승모판막을 치환한 경우가 16례로 가장 많았고 대동맥 판막 치환술 11례, 삼천판막 치환술 2례 순이었다. 가장 흔한 감염균주는 연쇄상포도구균 이었으나 배양이 않된 경우는 7례나 되었다. 수술대상은 조절되지 않는 심부전증, 거대식균 그리고 판막부전을 보이는 경우이었고, 술후 사망율은 13.4%로 만기사망은 없었다. 사망의 주 원인은 뇌경색증과 저심박출증이었다. 술전 기능등급이 III-IV 이었던 모든 환자는 사망 3례를 제외한 모든 례에서 I-II 등급으로 호전되었다. 결론적으로 조기 수술적 조작은 지속적이거나 진행성 심부전을 갖고있는 환자에서는 감염의 활동성 내지는 항생제 치료의 유무에 관계없이 생명을구할수 있는 방법이다.