• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this report is to provide accurate nationwide epidemiologic data on primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Korea. Despite its importance, there are no accurate statistics on primary CNS tumors in Korea. We analyzed primary CNS tumors diagnosed in 2005 from the nationwide registry. Methods : Data on primary CNS tumors diagnosed in 2005 were collected from the Korean Central Cancer Registry and the Korean Brain Tumor Society. Crude and age-standardized rates were calculated in terms of gender, age, and histological type. Tumors of uncertain histology were investigated individually at the corresponding hospitals and had their diagnoses confirmed. Results : A total of 5,692 patients diagnosed with primary CNS tumors in 2005 were included in this study. CNS tumors occurred in females more often than in males (female to male, 1.43 : 1). The most common tumor was meningioma (31.2%). Glioblastoma accounted for 30.7% of all gliomas, and 19.3% of all malignant primary CNS tumors. In children under 19 years of age, both germ cell tumor and embryonal/primitive/medulloblastoma were the most common tumors. Conclusion : This article is the first nationwide primary CNS tumor epidemiology report in Korea. Data from this study should provide valuable information regarding the understanding of primary CNS tumors epidemiology in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 2024

Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) vascular malformations are a group of abnormal blood vessel formations within the brain or spinal cord in children. The most crucial point of pediatric CNS vascular malformation is that no golden standard classifications exist. In addition, there is a big gap in knowledge and the viewpoint of clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists. In addition, many genes associated with pediatric CNS vascular malformation, such as Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome with guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (GNAQ) gene mutation, and cavernous malformations with cerebral cavernous malformations 1 (CCM1), CCM2, and CCM3 gene mutation, were recently revealed. For proper therapeutic approaches, we must understand the lesions' characterizations in anatomical, morphological, and functional views. In this review, the author would like to provide basic pediatric CNS vascular malformation concepts with understandable diagrams. Thus, the author hopes that it might be helpful for the proper diagnosis and treatment of CNS pediatric vascular malformations.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2020

In the neurovascular unit, the neuronal and vascular systems communicate with each other. O₂ and nutrients, reaching endothelial cells (ECs) through the blood stream, spread into neighboring cells, such as neural stem cells, and neurons. The proper function of neural circuits in adults requires sufficient O₂ and glucose for their metabolic demands through angiogenesis. In a central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as glioma, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, damaged ECs can contribute to tissue hypoxia and to the consequent disruption of neuronal functions and accelerated neurodegeneration. This review discusses the current evidence regarding the contribution of oxygen deprivation to CNS injury, with an emphasis on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways and Notch signaling. Additionally, it focuses on adult neurological functions and angiogenesis, as well as pathological conditions in the CNS. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HIFs and Notch is demonstrated in pathophysiological conditions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4181-4186
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• 2013

In the article were observed the epidemiological aspects of malignant tumors of the central nervous system (MT CNS) in Kazakhstan in a retrospective study for the years 2004-2011. The material of the study was consolidated accounting data of oncology centers on patients with MT CNS (C70-72) with first time established diagnosis. Calculated were crude, age, standardized (world standard), aligned and predicted incidence of MT CNS among both male and female populations. It was found that over the studied period, there were 4,604 cases of MT CNS. The average annual crude incidence rate of MT CNS in total population was $3.7{\pm}0.1^0/_{0000}$. Trends in aligned incidence rates in the whole country had a tendency to increase (T=+0.9%). Defined levels of morbidity MT CNS in the whole population in different regions of Kazakhstan: low up to $2.87^0/_{0000}$, the average from 2.87 to $4.45^0/_{0000}$ and high from $4.45^0/_{0000}$ and above on the basis of which was given the space-time estimate. Age and sex differences in MT CNS incidence were also clearly established.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2013

Although the geometrical difference in body position between web-building and wandering spiders could affect the organization of their central nervous system (CNS), however most of our informations about spider's CNS are dependent on those revealed from the wandering spiders. Therefore, this paper describes microstructural organizations of the CNS in the geometric orb-web spider Araneus ventricosus. Similarly to other wandering spiders, the CNS of A. ventricosus is also consisted of a dorsal supraesophageal ganglion and a ventral subesophageal mass. The supraesophageal ganglia are fused together and made up of a large sized nerve cell clusters, whereas the subesophageal ganglia are made up of the foremost part of the ventral nerve cord. It has been revealed that the only nerve arising from the supraesophageal mass was the optic nerve which connected with four pairs of eyes, whereas a pair of pedipalpal and four pairs of appendage nerves including abdominal nerve pairs were arisen from the subesophageal nerve mass. Fibrous masses are highly organized into longitudinal and transverse tracts, and are only consisted of processes of neurons and the terminal ramnifications of peripheral sensory neurons. In addition, central fibrous mass of both the brain and the subesophageal mass are totally devoid of nerve cell bodies.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2018

The characteristic features of the arachnid central nervous system (CNS) are related to its body segmentation, and the body in the Opiliones appears to be a single oval structure because of its broad connection between two tagmata (prosoma and opisthosoma). Nevertheless, structural organization of the ganglionic neurons and nerves in the harvestman Leiobunum japonicum is quite similar to the CNS in most other arachnids. This paper describes the fine structural details of the main groups of neuropiles in the CNS ganglia revealed by the transmission electron microscopy. In particular, electron-microscopic features of neural clusters in the main neuroganglia of the CNS (supraesophageal ganglion, protocerebral ganglion, optic lobes, central body, and subesophageal ganglion) could provide indications for the nervous pathways associated with nerve terminations and plexuses. The CNS of this harvestman consists of a supraesophageal ganglion (brain) and a subesophageal mass, and there are no ganglia in the abdomen. Cell bodies of neuroganglia are found in the periphery, but central parts of the ganglia are mostly fibrous in all ganglia. Neuroglial cells occupy the spaces left by nerve cells. Since the nerve cells in the ganglia are typical composed of monopolar neurons, axons and dendrites of neurons are distributed along the same direction.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2006

The ethanolic extract of Fleurya interrupta Gaud, (Urticaceae) was tested for its possible neuropharmacological effects on experimental animals, For the primary neuropharmacological screening of this plant, the ethanolic extract of its aerial parts was subjected to preliminary evaluation for acute toxicity, antinociceptive activity and central nervous system (CNS) activities. At the doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg, the extract significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0. 001) and dose-dependently increased the frequency of acetic acid induced writhing in mice. In the pentobarbitone induced sleeping time test, the extract at the above dose levels, significantly and dose-dependently decreased the pentobarbitone induced sleeping time (P < 0.001) and increased the time for onset of sleep (P < 0.001) in mice. In the open field and hole cross tests, test animals showed an increase in their movement in the both tests from the 2nd observation period (30 min) and persisted throughout the entire experimental period (240 min). These results of the extract may attribute a stimulating action on the CNS. On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that the extract exerts its stimulating effect on the CNS in mice by interfering with the cortical function or increasing the effect of some CNS stimulating neurotransmitters.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 1994

This study was performed in order to evaluate the accuracy and the usefulness of the cytology of crush preparation in central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Forty four intraoperative biopsies were performed at the time of craniotomy including 34 benign and 10 malignant lesions. Crush preparations were prepared from tiny tissue fragments of craniotomy products. All cases were stained with toluidine blue. Intraoperative diagnoses made on cytologic examination were compared with the final paraffin section diagnoses. Comparison between the results of the cytologic and histologic findings revealed an overall diagnostic accuracy of 88.6%. This study attests to the diagnostic accuracy of cytologic examination in CNS lesions. The detailed cytologic features are described and important criteria for the cytodiagnosis of CNS lesions are discussed. This review leads us to think that cytologic examination by crush preparation in CNS lesions is considered as a simple, safe and highly diagnostically accurate method.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 2013

As a cause of spinal cord compression, intramedullary spinal tuberculoma with central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare. Aurthors report a 66-year-old female presented with multiple CNS tuberculomas including spinal intramedullary tuberculoma manifesting paraparesis and urinary dysfunction. We review the clinical menifestation and experiences of previous reported literature.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2022

Through previous studies, the central nervous system (CNS) was collected by dividing the scuttle fly into larval, pupa, and adult stages by developmental stage, and the morphological characteristics were observed. In situ hybridization (ISH) using the collected central nervous system, it was possible to confirm the location and extent of expression of the neurotransmitter corazonin (Crz) at each stage of development. In this study, paraffin specimens were prepared using central nervous system tissues of 3rd instar larval stage of scuttle fly, which had completed in situ hybridization, and general histochemical staining (hematoxylin-eosin, H-E) and special histochemical staining (luxol fast blue-cresyl violet) was performed to observe the histological and cytological morphology characteristics of corazonin neurons. As a result, a variety of nerve cell body existed between many myelin sheath. The corazonin neurons compose cortex of central nervous system with other neurons congregating in this tissue and show larger cell body relatively in neurohistochemical analysis.