• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in intra-abdominal infected rats, and extrapolate it to human to predict moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics profiles in various tissues in intra-abdominal infected human. 12 male rats with intra- abdominal infections, induced by Escherichia coli, received a single dose of 40 mg/kg body weight of moxifloxacin. Blood plasma was collected at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 1440 min after drug injection. A PBPK model was developed in rats and extrapolated to human using GastroPlus software. The predictions were assessed by comparing predictions and observations. In the plasma concentration versus time profile of moxifloxcinin rats, $C_{max}$ was $11.151{\mu}g/mL$ at 5 min after the intravenous injection and $t_{1/2}$ was 2.936 h. Plasma concentration and kinetics in human were predicted and compared with observed datas. Moxifloxacin penetrated and accumulated with high concentrations in redmarrow, lung, skin, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle tissues in human with intra-abdominal infection. The predicted tissue to plasma concentration ratios in abdominal viscera were between 1.1 and 2.2. When rat plasma concentrations were known, extrapolation of a PBPK model was a method to predict drug pharmacokinetics and penetration in human. Moxifloxacin has a good penetration into liver, kidney, spleen, as well as other tissues in intra-abdominal infected human. Close monitoring are necessary when using moxifloxacin due to its high concentration distribution. This pathological model extrapolation may provide reference to the PK/PD study of antibacterial agents.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.151-155
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency and patterns of intra-articular lesions detected during ankle fracture surgery using ankle arthroscopy. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (31 ankles) who underwent open reduction and internal fixation combined with ankle arthroscopy for acute ankle fracture at Inje University Busan Paik Hospital from June 2011 to September 2013 were evaluated. The ankle fractures were classified according to the AO/OTA (AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association) classification and the intraarticular injuries were identified by ankle arthroscopy. Osteochondral lesions of the talus were divided into nine subtypes based on their locations, and the ligament injuries were classified according to avulsion fracture and rupture. Results: Using arthroscopy, abnormality in the distal tibiofibular ligament was found in 21 cases and osteochondral lesions and defects of the talus larger than 5 mm were detected in 26 cases. Among ligament injuries, anterior inferior tibio-fibular ligament injury was found in 14 cases, posterior inferior tibio-fibular ligament injury was found in two cases, deep deltoid ligament injury was found in three cases, and deep transverse tibio-fibular ligament injury was found in five cases. The locations of the osteochondral lesions were on the antero-lateral, antero-medial, centro-medial, centro-central, centro-lateral, and postero-lateral talus in 11, one, two, one, two, and nine cases, respectively. Conclusion: With early diagnosis and treatment arthroscopy performed at the time of intra-articular fracture surgery is expected to result in a good outcome.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 1988

The potential role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOPS) in cardiovascular regulation has only recently been entertained. EOPS have been localized in brain, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia, particularly the adrenal gland, and many other peripheral tissues. There are at least five major types of opioid receptors; namely ${\mu},\;{\delta},\;k,\;{\sigma},\;and\;{\varepsilon}$ and Experimental evidence indicates that cardiovascular actions of the peptide are mediated primarily by ${\mu},\;{\delta}$ and k receptors, and that these receptor types may be allosterically coupled. In anesthetized rabbits met-enkephalin decreased blood pressure and heart rate, which closely paralleled a reduction in sympathetic discharge. Naloxone, but not naloxone methobromide, antagonized these effects, which suggests a central site of action of met-enkephalin. A number of autonomic agents, particularly adrenergic ${\alpha}$-and, ${\beta}-agonists$ and antagonists modify the cardiovascular actions of met-enkephalin. Experiments in reserpine-treated and adrenalectomized rats provide no evidence of sympathetic nervous system involvement in the pressor responses to intravenous injection of opioid peptides, but rather suggest a direct peripheral action. Finally, activation of a beta-endorphinergic pathway projecting from the arcuate nucleus to the nucleus tractos solitarii in rats can cause naloxone reversible hypotension and bradycardia. There is evidence to implicate this pathway in antihypertensive drug action and in the modulation of baroreflex activity.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제66호
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• pp.277-301
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• 2017

중국의 부국강병을 주장한 근대 정치학자 양계초(1873-1929)는 애국(愛國)과 자강(自强)을 외쳤던 구한말 지식인의 큰 축이었다. 서구 열강의 힘에 무너진 중국 재건을 갈망하던 그의 애국사상은 한국의 근대 국가 건설의지에 지대한 영향을 주었다. 양계초의 사상의 중심에는 군사력과 체육이 있었다. 그는 강한 체력을 기반으로 한 군사력을 강조하였다. 양계초의 사상을 바탕으로 구한말 지식인들은 한민족이 체육을 통해 건강하게 거듭나야 한다고 믿었다. 초기 우리나라의 체육 도입은 군 체육과 일체성을 보였다. 1895년 처음 서구 체육의 개념이 도입되면서 1896년 군 체육인 체조가 학교교육에 처음으로 도입된 사례는 초기 체육이 군 체육이었다는 사실을 증명해 주고 있다. 더욱이 지속적으로 민족학자들은 양계초 상무정신이 바탕이 된 체육으로 강한 민족 양성에 힘을 쏟았고 그 중심에 군 체육인 체조를 강조하였다.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.223-262
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• 2010

This paper has been written to find facts about the image of earth goddess broadly found in the Southeast Asia. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, the image of earth goddess wringing her hair is phenomenally discovered in both Buddhist temple murals and independent shrines in Thailand. This phenomenon is common in other Indochinese Buddhist countries such as Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. Secondly, the life of Buddha including the story of the victory over Mara is found in such Buddhist canons as Mahavastu, Buddhacarita, Lalitavistara, Nidanakatha and Patamasambodhi. Among the canons, the story of the victory over Mara is described in differently ways. Earth becomes personified as the goddess in later version. The main cause to expel Mara's army also changes from sound to water. Patamasambodhi is most closely associated with the iconography of the earth goddess of Southeast Asia. Thirdly, Vessantara Jataka and Indian ancient customs tell us that a merit maker performs a rite of pouring water on the earth as an evidence for merit-making. This rite is a key to understanding the meaning of the scene where the earth goddess expels Mara's army into the flood by wringing her hair. The earth goddess is personified from the earth upon which the merit water is poured. Water soaked in her hair is the very holy water poured by the Buddha whenever he made a merit in his former lives. The amount of water flowed from the hair of the earth goddess representing the amount of his merit making was so huge and enough to defeat the Mara's army and for the Buddha to reach the Enlightenment. This legend explains the significance of the notion of merit in the Theravada Buddhist countries such as Thailand and Myanmar where the water pouring rites still take place and the images of the hair wringing earth goddess are commonly discovered. Fourthly, the first image of the earth goddess as the witness of merits for the Buddha appeared in some Gandharan Buddhist sculptures in the form of devotional gesture with her both hands pressed together and the upper half of her body above the ground. The appearance is in accordance with the description of her in the Lalitavistara canon. In later periods, the form changed into various types and finally the image of the earth goddess wringing her hair appeared in Southeast Asia around 11 century C.E. Some researchers argue this image form of the earth goddess shows the influence from China or India. However, the arguments are considered to be hypothetical as they have no strong evidence to prove. Finally, the modern image of earth goddess shows richer and more dynamic expression compared with its predecessors. Especially, outstanding is the standing earth goddess images found in the scene of the victory over Mara in many temple murals of central region of Thailand. The earth goddess in her voluptuous body shape is usually depicted as wringing her hair with her arms wide open in a posture of S curve. This appearance strongly reminds us of the postures of Salabhanjika and Tribhanga originated from Indian art. The adoption presumably has been made to signify her fertile and affluent characteristics.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2016

The article studies the new situation in international long distance trade after the emergence of new superpower - Arab Caliphate - in Eurasian overland tracks of the Great Silk Road. The stages of Arab advancement along trade routes and outcomes of their contestation with the strong tribal confederations of Turkic nomads in Central Asia and the Caucasus are highlighted. A special focus is made upon the relationship of Arabs with Khazar Turks who have endured severe clashes with strongest army of the time in the region. Khazar kingdom survived and even expanded its control over the tracks of international trade in the western part of Eurasia. The research describes the way how trade partnership between Arabs and Turks was shaped in the aftermath of military clashes. Existing scholarly views on the role of Khazar in Silk Road are reviewed and unattended evidence of Arab sources are involved to support concluding points that Khazar state managed to consolidate various actors for maintenance of international trade such as so called Rus warriors and merchants in the west of Volga, nomadic tribes in Eurasian steppes, and Jewish trading gild named ar-rahdaniyya in Arab sources. It is asserted that Khazar state since the second half of 9th century through its decline in mid 10th century not only served as transit space for goods of exporting countries but also exported goods of its own crafts and natural resources.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.110-114
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• 2005

Primary leptomeningeal glioblastomatosis is a rare and fatal tumor of the central nervous system, the condition is characterized by diffuse infiltration of the tumor in the meninges without evidence of primary tumor within the brain or spinal cord. We reported an unusual case of leptomengial glioblastomatosis, which was detected by the consecutive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology with application of immunohistochemistry, in addition to its cytologic findings. A healthy 21 year old man, who was enlisted in the army, presented with a stuporous mental state and diffuse enhancement of meninges without evidence of primary mass lesion in the brain and spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). CSF cytology showed small loose clusters of tumor cells with single cells and lymphocytes. The tumor showed variable pleomorphism with coarse chromatin, irregular nuclear membranes and multi lobated nuclei. On immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells were founded to be positive for GFAP. In conjunction with radiologic findings, brain biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of leptomenigeal glioblastomatosis. The use of immunohistochemistry is helpful in confirming CSF cytologic diagnosis in patients with primary leptomeningeal glioblastomatosis.

• 기록학연구
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• 제7호
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• pp.75-105
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• 2003

Russian State Historical Archive (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv - RGIA) received its present name in June 1992, and before 1961 was known as TsGIA. RGIA holds the major records of high-level and central state and administrative institutions and agencies of tsarist Russia from the eighteenth century to 1910s (except the records of the Army, Navy, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), as well as fonds of social organizations, institutions, and individuals of prerevolutionary Russia. The main goal of this article is to assist understanding russian principle on arrangement and classification archives with its historical development focusing on one of the biggest historical archive in Russia. The primary set of historical records in RGIA remain arranged in 3-steps classification system: fond (collection) -- opis' (inventory) -- delo (file). In this general survey of RGIA author offers detailed information on the collection of archives and the system for classification of its huge amounts of primary sources in connection with influence upon historical studies. Despite the general economic crisis Russian archives are struggling to keep their doors open for public research and are exerting their energies in present electronic information to scholars and other researchers from throughout the world. The result, however, is not rewarded enough, considering the effort involved.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.361-372
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• 2019

This study investigates the problems of fitness and motion suitability for Korean female military winter jackets (inner and outer) and provides data for new pattern development. We analyzed fitness and motion suitability by a questionnaire survey with 39 Korean female soldiers and a wearing evaluation with 8 subjects of the female soldeier's center size. The results of the study are as follows. 1. In the survey result on the fitness with female soldiers, fit of collar showed a score lower than 3.0 for the inner jacket and front interscye breadth, chest circumference, collar height on the outer jacket. The result on the motion suitability showed that both the inner jacket and the outer jacket were above 3.0 (moderate), indicating that the dissatisfactory factors were not large. 2. The wearing evaluation results with the subjects of central army female size, discomfort factor derived the chest circumference, neck circumference, item of the hem circumference and collar height on the outer jacket. This study is meaningful in evaluating the current military winter jacket of female soldiers and it is expected to be used as a basic data for future pattern improvement of military winter jacket for female soldiers.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2022

기계학습 모델 구축 간 트레이닝 데이터를 활용하며, 훈련 간 사용되지 않은 테스트 데이터를 활용하여 모델의 정확도와 일반화 성능을 판단한다. 일반화 성능이 낮은 모델의 경우 새롭게 받아들이게 되는 데이터에 대한 예측 정확도가 현저히 감소하게 되며 이러한 현상을 두고 모델이 과적합 되었다고 한다. 본 연구는 중심극한정리를 기반으로 데이터를 생성 및 기존의 훈련용 데이터와 결합하여 새로운 훈련용 데이터를 구성하고 데이터의 정규성을 증가시킴과 동시에 이를 활용하여 모델의 일반화 성능을 증가시키는 방법에 대한 것이다. 이를 위해 중심극한정리의 성질을 활용해 데이터의 각 특성별로 표본평균 및 표준편차를 활용하여 데이터를 생성하였고, 새로운 훈련용 데이터의 정규성 증가 정도를 파악하기 위하여 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 정규성 검정을 진행한 결과, 새로운 훈련용 데이터가 기존의 데이터에 비해 정규성이 증가하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 일반화 성능은 훈련용 데이터와 테스트용 데이터에 대한 예측 정확도의 차이를 통해 측정하였다. 새롭게 생성된 데이터를 K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN), Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)에 적용하여 훈련시키고 일반화 성능 증가정도를 파악한 결과, 비모수(non-parametric) 기법인 KNN과 모델 구성 간 정규성을 가정으로 갖는 LDA의 경우에 대하여 일반화 성능이 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.