• 제목/요약/키워드: Central American Region

검색결과 23건 처리시간 0.024초

The Silk Road in World History: A Review Essay

  • Andrea, Alfred J.
    • Asian review of World Histories
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.105-127
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    • 2014
  • The Silk Road, a trans-Eurasian network of trade routes connecting East and Southeast Asia to Central Asia, India, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, and northern Europe, which flourished from roughly 100 BCE to around 1450, has enjoyed two modern eras of intense academic study. The first spanned a period of little more than five decades, from the late nineteenth century into the early1930s, when a succession of European, Japanese, and American scholar-adventurers, working primarily in Chinese Turkestan (present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, which comprises China's vast northwest) and China's Gansu Province (to the immediate east of Xinjiang) rediscovered and often looted many of the ancient sites and artifacts of the Silk Road. The second era began to pick up momentum in the 1980s due to a number of geopolitical, cultural, and technological realities as well as the emergence of the New World History as a historiographical field and area of teaching. This second period of fascination with the Silk Road has resulted in not only a substantial body of both learned and popular publications as well as productions in other media but also in an ever-expanding sense among historians of the scope, reach, and significance of the Silk Road.

북아메리카 사막 지형에 미친 인류의 영향: 피닉스, 애리조나 지역을 사례로 (Human Impacts on Urban Landscapes in North American Desert: A Case Study in the Phoenix, Arizona, USA)

  • 정아라
    • 한국지형학회지
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    • 제26권3호
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    • pp.69-85
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    • 2019
  • Humans have been important driver to reconfigure the terrestrial surface of the Earth by altering its morphology and processes. The effect of human activities on the physical landscape, however, shows substantially uneven geographical patterns. Most of anthrogemorphoogical studies regarding human-induced denudation have focused on areas with a long history of human modifications such as humid landscapes, so the hypothesis is naturally a great human impact on landscapes. The effect of human activities on dryland Earth surfaces are far less commonly studied, although erosion is one of major concerns in arid and semi-arid region regarding land and water quality degradation. The urban metropolis of Phoenix, Arizona, USA provides an opportunity to explore the impact of the Anthropocene. The Phoenix metropolitan area rests on classic desert landforms, such as extensive pediments, alluvial fans and sand sheets. Human activities including cattle crazing, wildfire resulting from introduced grass species by human, and recent urbanization processes have impacted these classic desert landforms and altered geomorphic processes. The purpose of this paper, therefore, rests in examining Anthropocene in the geomorphology of the north-central Sonoran Desert. The objectives of this paper are: i) to understand the impact of the Anthropocene on the geomorphological processes and forms through field observations; ii) to quantify the magnitude of human impacts on landscape using a published two-decade long record of erosion dataset and natural background erosion dataset in submitted manuscript at the sprawling edge of the Phoenix metropolitan region; iii) to examine how geomorphic outcome can affect the sustainability of cities through the estimation of sediment yield under the condition of urban sprawl.

응구기와 시옹오의 범아프리카주의 - 포스트식민 국가를 넘어서는 주변부의 기억과 연대 (Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Pan-Africanism: People's Memory and Alliance to Overcome Postcolonial Nations)

  • 이효석
    • 비교문화연구
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    • 제42권
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    • pp.107-129
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    • 2016
  • 근대 이후 많은 지역이 국가 단위를 넘어선 대륙 단위의 통합체를 구상한 바 있다. 오래 전부터 지구촌의 각 대륙에서는 범아랍주의, 범라틴아메리카주의 나아가 범아시아주의를 구상한 사상가들이 지속적으로 나타났으며 여전히 많은 사람들에게 이것들이 국민국가의 틀을 넘어선 지역과 세계의 행복한 관계를 구현할 수 있는 체제로 받아 들여지고 있다. 이러한 지역 내의 국가를 하나로 묶는 작업은 국민국가의 폐쇄성을 넘어선다는 점에서 상당한 의미가 있지만, 그것이 그 지역이 공유하는 문화적 가치와 다른 지역과 다른 역사적 특징과 지역적 경계를 전제한다는 점에서 세계시민주의와도 구별된다. 이러한 사상이 유럽연합이나 남미국가연합처럼 구체적인 정치적 행동으로 나타나게 될 때 국민국가처럼 일정한 폐쇄성을 가질 수밖에 없는 점은 분명하다. 국민국가와 세계 사이의 중간지대를 지향하는 이러한 운동을 우리는 '국가를 넘어선 국가주의'로 부를 수 있을 것이다. 케냐라는 국민국가의 차원에서 외세로부터의 경제적, 문화적 자주독립과 독재로부터의 민중의 해방을 위해 활동해 온 응구기는 아프리카연합에 주목하면서 이 기구가 지향하는 범아프리카주의는 유엔, 미합중국, 유럽연합과 같은 기능을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. 응구기는 현재의 아프리카의 질곡은 다양한 문화적 기원을 가진 부족들이 혼재하던 공간에 인위적인 국경선을 채우고 그 공간 속을 살게 된 아프리카인들이 국민국가의 이기적인 틀 속에서 살아가기 때문이라고 본다. 그는 범아프리카주의를 통해 동일한 언어와 문화를 가진 아프리카의 구성원들이 근대 국민국가의 과도한 쇼비니즘적 욕망을 제어하는 민중의 연합을 꿈꾼다.

Китай и глобальное лидерство (China and global leadership)

  • Mikheev, Vasily;Lukonin, Sergey;Ignatev, Sergei
    • 분석과 대안
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.31-43
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    • 2017
  • The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical analysis of Chinese global leadership. The concept of leadership is applied as a methodology, which involves identifying the main factors, such as strategic power, the attractiveness of political institutions, the ability to provide acceptable ideas and the presence of allies that contribute to a comprehensive analysis of the country's leadership potential. The authors also describe the relevance of Chinese global leadership and analyze its domestic, economic and international causes. Moreover, the ''Belt and Road'' initiative is defined as the main mechanism for providing the influence of China on the global level which is now being changed its quantitative component, namely the increasing attention to the security aspects of this initiative. In addition to that, it is important to note that China maintains its economic and political positions in Africa, Central Asia and South-East Asia. Africa has a special role in the Chinese ''Belt and Road'' initiative as a recipient of Chinese investments and a site for the deployment of China's naval facilities to protect the trade routes. On the regional level, China will strive to become a leader of the trade and economic processes in the Asia-Pacific region, the South China Sea and the North Korea nuclear program issues. The American factor in modern international relations, namely so-called "Trump factor", which means the U.S. withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Paris Agreement, will cause demand for Chinese leadership in the Asia-Pacific region and in the world as well. However, in this case a number of questions arise: is China prepared for this? Is Beijing able to bear greater responsibility? Does China have the potential for this? The article concludes that China will not become global leaders in the next 20-30 years, because of internal (political reforms) and foreign policy reasons (doctrinal formulation of foreign policy initiatives, military-political and economic power, international posture and relations with other states). The authors believe that the implementation of Chinese leadership is possible not on the condition of confrontation between China and the United States, but on the establishing of constructive relations between these countries. The last meeting between Trump and Xi Jinping showed a trend for creating channels for dialogue between Beijing and Washington, which can become the basis for interaction. An important place in the work is given to the analysis of development and forecasting the evolution of Russian-Chinese and U.S.-China relations. As for Russia, Moscow should conduct a policy that will not allow it to become a ''junior partner'' of China.

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미국 캘리포니아주(州)의 벼농사에 관한 농업지리학적 연구 (Agricultural Geography of Rice Culture in California)

  • 이전;허무열
    • 한국지역지리학회지
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.51-67
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    • 1996
  • 이 연구는 캘리포니아주(州) 벼농사를 종합적으로 고찰하는 연구이다. 미국에서 생산되는 벼의 약 23%는 캘리포니아 중앙분지에서 생산된다. 캘리포니아 중앙분지는 새크라멘토분지, 산호아퀸분지, 델타지역의 세 지역으로 구분되는데, 새크라멘토분지는 벼 재배에는 매우 이상적인 자연조건을 갖추고 있다. 오늘날 새크라멘토분지에서 캘리포니아주(州) 벼의 약 95%가 생산된다. 캘리포니아주(州)에서 벼가 상업적으로 재배되기 시작한 것은 1912년이었다. 캘리포니아주(州)에서 벼농사는 처음부터 관개농업에 의존하였다. 논에 물을 댄 상태에서 벼가 자라야지 잡초가 무성해지지 않고, 벼 수확량도 많아진다. 캘리포니아주(州) 벼농사에 사용되는 관개용수의 90% 이상은 지표수에서 끌어들인 것이고, 나머지는 지하수를 퍼 올린 것이다. 캘리포니아주(州) 벼농사는 고도로 기계화되어 있다. 트랙터, 레이저 평탄기, 콤바인, 건조기, 비행기 등이 벼농사에 이용되고 있다. 이와 같은 기계화 덕택으로 캘리포니아주(州) 벼농사에서 1 에이커당 노동투하량은 4시간 정도에 지나지 않는다. 캘리포니아주(州)에서는 일찍부터 벼농사에 관한 연구가 본격적으로 시작되었다. 벼농사 연구에서 가장 중요한 것은 품종개량이었다. 특히 캘리포니아주(州)에서는 지난 수십년 동안 품종계량에서 괄목할 만한 성공을 거두었다. 그 결과 중립벼와 단립벼 품종이 매우 다양해졌다. 대체적으로 볼 때, 벼 줄기는 작지만 이삭은 많이 열리는 벼 품종들이 많이 개발되었다. 그 외 관개기술, 기계화 등 벼농사와 관련된 제반 사항이 체계적으로 연구되었다. 캘리포니아주(州)는 벼를 재배하는 미국의 6개 주(州) 가운데 단위면적당 벼 생산성이 가장 높은 주(州)이다. 오늘날 캘리포니아주(州)가 단위면적당 벼 생산성에서 미국 뿐만 아니라 세계의 선두에 서 있는 것은 유리한 자연환경과 더불어 과학적인 연구에 힘입은 바가 크다.

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FTA하에서의 사적 상사분쟁의 해결 (Settlement of Private Commercial Disputes under the FTA)

  • 김상호
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.3-32
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    • 2007
  • This age is called the age of global trade, and the World Trade Organization is a forerunner in promoting the global free trade through multilateral negotiations as the global level. On the other hand, regional economic cooperation such as North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) is appearing, saying that promotion by WTO takes too much time. As is known to everybody, Europe is on the way of integrating member states through EU not to mention economic cooperation. Even in Asia such tendency is shown through ASEAN, Korea, China and Japan in Northeast Asia share geographical proximity, many common historical experiences, and similar cultural norms and values although they have disparities in stages of development, trade and economic policies, and financial and legal frameworks. Under the situation, efforts have been made between three countries of Korea, China and Japan for the conclusion of investment agreements including FTA. If the conclusion of the FTA between the three countries would be realized, it would promote regional trade and investment, contributing to economic growth in the Northeast Asian region. The writer in this paper reviewed the settlement of private commercial dispute including investment dispute arising from the FTA and investment agreements. The investment dispute is quite different from an ordinary commercial dispute arising from commercial transactions in view of disputing parties, applicable laws and rules, etc. Therefore it is a problem of vital importance that the parties interested in investment under the FTA as well as the relevant investment agreement should understand and cope with the settlement mechanism of investment disputes arising therefrom. The ICSID Convention provides facilities for the conciliation and arbitration of disputes between member countries and investors who qualify as nationals of other member countries. All contracting states of the ICSID Convention are required by the Convention to recognize and enforce the ICSID arbitral awards. The New York Convention(formally called "United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards") is also applicable for the enforcement of arbitral awards to be rendered under the FTA. As to applicable rules, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules may be required for the settlement of investment disputes under the FTA. This Rules has adopted by the internationally recognized arbitral organizations although it was developed primarily for use in ad hoc arbitration. The promotion of arbitral cooperation may be realized through agreements between arbitral institutions. Especially under the NAPTA system, a central common system was established to resolve jointly private commercial disputes arising from such free trades by the initiative of arbitral organizations among the member countries. It is called Commercial Arbitration and Mediation Center for the Americas(CAMCA), which may be a good example for the settlement promotion of the private commercial disputes between Korea and other relevant countries.

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5 · 16 군정기 지방행정 환경변화와 모범부락조성사업에 대한 고찰 (A Study of the Local Administration Environment Change and 'Mobum Burak Development' in 5 · 16 Military Government Period)

  • 서만용;박수영
    • 농촌지도와개발
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.643-678
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구의 목적은 5 16 군정기 지방행정의 많은 환경변화 속에서 각 도가 추진한 '모범부락조성사업'을 통해 초기 농촌마을개발사업에 대한 모습, 특히 지방행정이 사업의 주체가 되기 위해 추진한 방법을 검토하여 시사점을 찾는데 있다. 군정기(1961~1963) 지방행정은 시군을 기초자치단체로 하는 행정체계 개편, 국가기획제도 도입, 지방세제 개편, 새로운 농촌기구 설립으로 인한 농촌지도 다원화 등의 여러 변화요인을 맞게 되었다. 이러한 환경 속에서 지역의 개발행정 주축은 지방자치단체로 옮겨져 갔고, 각 도는 '보고가는 마을(전북)', '빛나는 마을(충남)'등의 각종 명칭으로 모범부락조성사업을 추진하였다. 또한 내무부는 지역개발의 장기적인 종합계획으로서 군 건설계획의 작성과 추진을 지시하였다. 본 연구는 국가 정책을 중심으로 한 농촌지역개발사에서 도 단위의 지방사를 발굴하고 이를 지방행정 환경변화와 연계하여 분석하였다는 측면에서 향후 관련 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 판단된다.

중풍환자의 대사증후군 유병률에 대한 단면조사연구 (Cross-sectional Study on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Stroke Patients)

  • 박성욱;이인환;정우상;문상관;박정미;고창남;조기호;김영석;배형섭
    • 대한중풍순환신경학회지
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.25-32
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    • 2008
  • Objectives : Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increasing risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality but the risk of stroke associated with the MetS is less well established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MetS in stroke patients. Methods : We analyzed the data of 806 patients with acute ischemic stroke from Hanbang Stroke Registry supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. Subjects' enrollment was done in the oriental medical hospitals of 4 universities located in the metropolitan region from April 2007 to August 2008. We analyzed all registered data and evaluated the prevalence of MetS and specific components of MetS. Results : The prevalence of MetS in stroke patients according to American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria was 59.6%. The prevalence according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria was 41.6%. The prevalence of female patients was higher than that of male patients (71.8% vs 51% by AHA/NHLBI criteria; 61.7% vs 27.7% by IDF criteria). The prevalence of central obesity, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension was higher in female patients. There was no significant relationship between MetS and stroke subtype. Conclusions : This work gives us the basic data on the association between MetS and risk of stroke. There should be the prospective cohort studies to evaluate MetS and the risk of stroke.

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고려의 원시영역 유목초지, 그 부르칸(불함)이즘과 한국축산의 비전 (Burqanism from the Origin of the Pastoral Nomadic Koryo Region and the Vision of Korean Livestock Farming)

  • 주채혁
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.71-82
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    • 2005
  • Khori(高麗) refers to the Chaabog(reindeer) that live on lichens(蘚) on Mt. Soyon(鮮) in which pastures are the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia. Thus, the origin region of the Khori or Koguryo that are the ancestors of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads(馴鹿 遊牧民) can be said to be the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas of North Eurasia and North America. When the pastoral nomads moved on to the great mountain(大山) zone of the Jangbaek(長白) to the Baekdu(白頭) Mountains, they could have been in contact with pastoral farmers or agricultural farmers living there and they became the farmers remaining on agricultural farms. They were the Koryo people, the ancestors of Korea. Staying in one place, they gradually forgot the origin of their reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic history in the Northwest area of Mt. Soyon, the small mountain(小山) zone of the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas. In other words, they lost their identity as reindeer-herding pastoral nomads when they entered the agricultural area after leaving the pastoral area. However, since their basic genes had already formed when they lived on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia, it is possible to study their pastoral nomadic history focusing on 'the minority living in the broad area(廣域少數)', by utilizing highly advanced biotechnological science and focusing on genes and information technology innovation, and removing various past hindrances in research. Therefore, it is not so difficult to restore the reindeerherding pastoral nomadic history of the Koguryo(高句麗) people and secure their pastoral nomadic identity, of which the first steps have already been taken into their historical stages. The Eurasian continent and the Korean peninsula, especially the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the Korean peninsula have been closely related to each other ecologically and historically. They can never be a separate space at all. The Eurasian continent lies horizontally east to west and thus, the continent forms an isothermal zone. Also, since the time of producing their own foods, it was relatively easy for people with their technology to move to other places owing to the pastoral nomadic characteristic of mobility. Unlike the Chungyen(中原) region, western Asia and the regions covering the Siberia-Manchu-Korean peninsula where food production revolution was first made were connected to the Mongolian lichens route(蘚苔之路: Ni, ukinii jam) and steppe roads. Although the ecological conditions of nature have changed a bit throughout a long history, it was natural for the many tribes in North Asia living on the largest Steppe-Taiga-Tundra area in the world to have believed 'the legends related to animals in relation to their founders and ancestors(獸祖傳說)'. Assuming that Siberian tigers and the tigers living on Mt. Baekdu were connected ecologically and genetically because of the ecological characteristics of the animals, and their migration from plateau to plateau, we would suspect that the Chosun(朝鮮) tribe living on Mt. Baekdu were ethnically and culturally more closely connected to the farther removed Ural-Altai tribes that lived on the cold and dry plateau region than to the Han(i14;) tribe who lived in Chungyen(中原) that was close to Mt. Baekdu. More evidence is the structure of the Korean language which has the form of 'Subject + Object + Verb', which is assumed to have originated from the speedy lifestyle of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads. The structure is quite different from that of the Han(漢) language, which is based on agricultural life. Also, it is natural for reindeer riding reindeerherding pastoral nomads or horse-riding sheep-herding pastoral nomads(騎馬, 羊遊牧民) to have held military and political power over the region and eventually to have established an ancient pastoral nomadic empire in the process of their conquest of agricultural regions. The stages for founding global empires in the history of mankind maybe largely divided into two, in terms of ecological conditions and occupations. They are the steppes and the oceans. Of course, the steppe-based empires were established based on the skills to deal with horses and the ability to shoot arrows while riding horses, along with the use of iron ware in the 8th century BC. The steppe-based empires became the foundation for an oceanic empire, which could have been established by the use of warships and warship guns since the 15th Century. Based on those facts, we know that Chosun, Puyo(夫餘), and Koguryo are the products of a developmental process of pastoral nomadic empires on the steppes. Maybe we can easily find the pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo more than we expected when we trace the origins and history of the Korean tribe living in the pastures located in the northwest area of Mt. Jangbaek by focusing on pastoral nomadic mobility and organization just as we have investigated the historic origins of Anglo-Saxons in America by focusing on the times before the 15th Century. In the process, we should keep in mind that English culture originated from the Industrial Revolution and was directly delivered to the American continent, although America was far from England and was not an intermediate point on long sojourns either. Further, American culture came back to England in a more advanced form later. The most important thing currently to be resolved is to cause Koreans to look back on their own history in a freer way of thinking and with diverse, profound, and sharp insight, taking away the old and existing conventional recognition that is entangled with complicated interests with Korean people and other countries. The meanings of Chosun, Khori, and Solongos have been interpreted arbitrarily without any historic evidence by the scholars who followed conventional tradition of fixed-minded aristocrats in an agricultural society. If the Siberian cultural properties of the stone age, the earthenware age, the bronze age, and the iron age are analyzed in such a way, archaeological discovery will never be able to contribute to the restoration of the Koguryo's pastoral nomadic identity. One should transcend the errors that tend to interpret the cultural properties discovered in the pastoral nomadic regions as not being differentiated from those of agricultural regions and just interpret them altogether from the agricultural point of view. A more careful intention is required in the interpretation of cultural properties of ancient Korean empires that seem to have been formed due to mutual interactions of pastoral nomadic and agricultural cultures. Also, it is required that the conventional recognition chain of 'reverse-genes' be severed, which has placed more weight on agricultural properties than pastoral nomadic ones, since their settlement on agricultural farms was made after the establishment of their ancient pastoral nomadic empires. There is no reason at all to place priority on stoneware, earthenware, bronze ware, and iron ware than on wooden ware(木器) and other ware which were made of animal skins(皮器), bones and horns(骨角器), in analyzing the history in the regions of reindeer or sheep pastures. Reading ancient Korean history from the perspective of pastoral nomadic history, one feels strongly the instinctive emotions to return to the natural 'mother place'. The reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo people that has been accumulated in volumes in their genes and hidden deep inside and have interacted organically could be reborn with Burqanism(Burqan refers to 不咸 in Chinese), which was their religion by birth and symbolized as the red willow(紅柳=不咸). The mother place of the Koguryo's people is the endless vast green pastures of North Eurasia and North America, where we anticipated the development of Korean livestock farming following the inherent properties in the genes of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads with Korean ancestors. We anticipate that the place would be the core resource that could contribute to the development of life of living creatures following the inherent properties of their genes and biotechnological factors. In other words, biotechnology used for a search for clues on the well-being of humans could be the fruit brought by Burqanism of the Koguryo people and the fruit of the globalization of Korean livestock farming. It is the Chosun farmer in China come from the vast nomadic reindeer pastures of North Eurasia that resolved the food problem of a billion Chinese people with lowland paddy rice seeds (水稻) by transforming Heilongjiang Province(黑龍江省) into an oceanic lowland paddy rice field(水田). Even Mao Tse-tung(毛擇東) could not resolve the food problem by his revolution campaigns for tens of years. Today is the very time that requires the development of special livestock farming following the inherent properties of the ancient Korean reindeer-herding pastoral nomads that respected the dignity of life on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the America continent. I suggest that research should be started from the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe in East Mongolia that was the homeland of Hanwoo(韓牛) and the central horse-herding steppe place(牧馬場) of Chingis Khan's Mongolia. The Dariganga Steppe is awash with an affluent natural environment for pastoral nomadic living however, the quality of life of the pastoral nomads there is still low. I suggest we Koreans, the descendents of the Koguryo, should take our first steps for our livestock farming business project and develop the Northern nomadic pastures, here at the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe, which is the Mongolian core place of state-of-the-art technology for military weapons.

한국(韓國) 및 관련각국((關聯各國)의 다랑어 선망어업(旋網漁業) 발달과정(發達過程) (Development of Tuna Purse Seine Fishery in Korea and the Countries Concerned)

  • 현종수;이병기;김형석;예영희
    • 수산해양교육연구
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.30-46
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    • 1992
  • 한국(韓國)의 다랑어 선망어업기술(旋網漁業技術)은 한국(韓國)에서 발달한 대부분의 어업기술(漁業技術)이 일본(日本)을 거쳐서 도입된 것과는 달리 미국(美國)에서 직수입(直輸入)된 것이기는 하나 세부적으로는 일본(日本)의 기술을 응용한 것도 더러 있다. 따라서 한국(韓國)의 다랑어 선망어업(旋網漁業)의 발달과정(發達過程)을 규명하기 위해서는 미국(美國)과 일본(日本)에 있어서의 발달과정(發達過程)을 규명할 필요가 있으므로 여러 가지 문헌(文獻)과 집적된 자료(資料)들에 의하여 그것을 규명해 보았다. 미국(美國)에 있어서의 선망어법(旋網漁法)의 탄생은 1826년의 일이므로 그 역사는 165년이나 되었고, 초기에는 다른 어종과 함께 부산물(副産物)로서 잡아왔지만 1903년부터는 그것을 주목적으로 하는 어업(漁業)이 시작되었으므로 그 역사만 하더라도 90년 쯤 전의 일이다. 그러다가 2차대전(次大戰) 이후에 power block의 발명과 나일론 그물, 그리고 어선(漁船)과 장비(裝備)의 첨단적인 개량으로 오늘날과 같은 대형선망조업(大形旋網조業)이 가능하게 되었다. 그러나 그 후 미국선망어선(美國旋網漁船)들은 돌고래 보호를 위한 규제 때문에 동부태평양(東部太平洋)에서는 조업이 불가능하게 되었고, 또 고임금(高賃金), 노동력부족(勞動力不足) 등으로 채산(採算)을 맞추지 못해 선단수(船團數)는 1980년에 비해 1/3가량 줄어든 상태이다. 일본(日本)은 일찍부터 일본(日本) 북서태평양연안(北西太平洋沿岸)에서 연승(延繩)과 소형선망(小型旋網)으로써 다랑어를 어획(漁獲)하여 왔으며, 2차대전(次大戰)이후 독자적으로 과거의 선망어법(旋網漁法)을 다랑어용으로 개량하는 한편 1948년부터 미국식선망어법(美國式旋網漁法)을 도입하여 해외(海外) 다랑어 어장(漁場) 개발에 많은 노력을 기울였다. 특히 정부출자기관(政府出資機關)인 일본해양자원개발(日本海洋資源開發) 센터 (JAMARC)의 태평양(太平洋) 해역에서의 시험탐사(試驗探査)는 높이 평가할 만 하며, 또한 일본연승어선(日本延繩漁船)들의 활발한 해외조업(海外操業)과 어장정보교환(漁場情報交換)은 선망어업(旋網漁業)의 발전에 많은 도움을 주어 왔다. 미국(美國)과 일본(日本)의 선망선(旋網船)은 어선(漁船)의 크기, 조업형태(操業形態), 운영형식(運營形式) 등이 각기 다르며 장단점이 있다. 특히 일본어선(日本漁船)은 미국어선(美國漁船)에 비하여 선체가 작고 더러는 쌍두리 조업을 하고 있으며, 망지(網地)는 미국어선(美國漁船)이 땋은 실 nylon(braided twine)으로 된 결절망지(結節網地)를 쓰는 데 비하여 무결절망지(無結節網地)를 쓴다. 한국(韓國)은 1970년대(年代)에 미국(美國)으로부터 직접 이 어선(漁法)을 도입하였고, 어선(漁船)과 장비(裝備), 조업방법(操業方法)도 전적으로 미국식(美國式)이다. 한국(韓國)의 선망어법(旋網漁法)은 10년 이상의 실패 끝에 1986년부터 정상 궤도에 오르기 시작했고, 1997년 현재 총 37척이 Gua과 Samoa를 기지(基地)로 하여 모두 남서태평양(南西太平洋)에서 조업하고 있으며 성적도 좋은 편이다. 다만, 이제는 독자적인 연구가 필요하며, 태평양도서국(太平洋島嶼國)에의 입어문제(入漁問題)와 어자원보호(魚資源保護) 측면에서의 연안국(沿岸國)의 조업제제(操業規制) 움직임에 대해서도 대비할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

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