• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.158-164
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• 2013

The spheroidization behavior of cementite in a SK85 high carbon steel was investigated in this study. Fine and coarse pearlite microstructures were obtained by appropriate heat treatments according to the TTT diagram of SK85 high carbon steel. Hot rolled plates of SK85 steel were austenitized at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs and then put directly into a salt bath at either $570^{\circ}C$ or $670^{\circ}C$ to obtain a fine pearlite (FP) structure and a coarse pearlite (CP) structure, respectively. Cold rolling was subsequently conducted on those specimens with reduction ratios from 0.2 to 0.4. Spheroidization heat treatments were conducted at the subcritical temperatures of 600 and $720^{\circ}C$ for 1 to 32 hrs to elucidate the effect of initial microstructures, heat treatment temperature, and cold reduction ratios on the cementite spheroidization rate. Spheroidization proceeded with fragmentation of cementite plates, spheroidization of the cementite platelets, and coarsening consecutively. Mechanical fragmentation of cementite by cold rolling expedited the rate of spheroidization. The spheroidization rate of FP was much more rapid than that of CP and the spheriodization rate increased with increases in the cold reduction ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

The spheroidization of cold rolled lamellar pearlite in annealing at the temperatures between 600 and $700^{\circ}C$ has been studied by quantitative micrography. It was foud that the spheroidization proceeded as two stageh. The first stage was the stage of relieving the stored energy by cold work, the second was the stage of reducing the interface energy between ferrite and cementite. The spheroidization rate combining the spheroidization rate of each stages is described by the following equation : $$d(1/S)/dt=k_3{\cdot}D/_{(1/s)}\{{\sigma}V/_{(1/s)}+k_4{\cdot}{\exp}(-bt)\}$$ Where, S is the total area of the interface between ferrite and cementite per unit volume, D is the diffusion coefficient, ${\sigma}$ is the boundary energy, V is the volume fraction of the cementite, and $k_3$, $k_4$, b are constants.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 1993

Ultra high carbon steel (Fe-1.4%C) was prepared by means of a high frequency induction furnace. The preferred nucleation site of martensite was observed. The changes of hardness and impact thoughness due to tempering temperatures, and the spheroidization of cementite by controlled -rolling were also studied for the steel. The preferred nucleation site of martensite in the ultra high carbon steel is prior austenite grain boundary. The hardness of the steel is slightly increased up to about $300^{\circ}C$, and then decreased with further tempering temperature. However, the impact energy keeps a almost constant value, independent of the tempering temperature. The spheroidization of cementite is accelerated as the reduction in thickness per rolling pass is increased and the number of the rolling passes becomes greater.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.345-350
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• 2014

The current study elucidates the effects of cementite spheroidization and pro-eutectoid ferrite on the sliding wear resistance in medium carbon (0.45wt%C) and high carbon (1wt%C) steels. Both steels were initially heat treated to obtain a fully pearlite or ferrite + pearlite microstructure. Spheroidizing heat treatments were performed on both steels to spheroidize the pearlitic cementite. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk wear tester with the steel specimens as the disk and an alumina ($Al_2O_3$) ball as the pin. The sliding wear tests were carried out at room temperature in air with humidity of $40{\pm}2%$. Adapted sliding distance and applied load was 300m and 100N, respectively. Sliding speed was 0.1m/s and the wear-track radius was 9 mm. Worn surfaces and cross-sections of the wear track were examined using an SEM. Micro Vickers hardness of the wear-track subsurface was measured as a function of depth from the worn surface. Hardness and sliding-wear resistance of both steel decreased with increased spheroidization of the cementite. The decrease was more significant in the fully pearlitic steel (1wt%C steel). The steel with the pro-eutectoid ferrite showed relatively higher wear resistance compared to the spheroidized pearlitic steel.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.126-131
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• 2013

In this study, effects of silicon addition on the spheroidizing annealing of hyper-eutectoid steel was investigated. Heat treatment at various temperatures in the ${\gamma}+{\theta}$ region was also conducted in order to systematically control the kinetics of undissolved cementite. It was found that small amount of Si addition could increase both $A_1$ and $A_{cm}$ transformation temperature by both the JMat Pro evaluation and dilatometric measurement. It was also revealed by the microstructural observation that the volume fraction of retained cementite during heat treatment increased with decreasing temperature as well as increasing Si content. Based on the results obtained, it could be suggested that spheroidization at relatively higher temperature above $950^{\circ}C$ could be achieved by small addition of Si.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2004

Conventional spheroidization process of cold heading quality steels requires long heat treatment time, and reduction of the heat treatment time is important for improving productivity in the industry. Recently, hot deformation method has been proposed as a means of increasing spherodization kinetics. In this study, the influences of hot deformation on the spherodization behavior of cold heading quality steels were investigated. Hot deformation at the temperature range of $700^{\circ}C$ significantly enhances the spheroidization kinetics. Hot deformation can lead to a substantial reduction of spherodization process time as low as 1~5 hrs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.543-546
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• 2008

In the present study, the effect of cold reduction ratio on the spherodization rate of SK85 high carbon steel sheet was investigated. High carbon steel sheet fabricated by POSCO was soaked at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in a box furnace and then treated at $570^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in a salt bath furnace followed by water quenching to obtain a fine pearlite structure. Cold rolling was conducted on the sheets of fine pearlite by reduction ratios of 20, 30, and 40 % and heat treatment for spheroidization was carried out at $720^{\circ}C$ for the various time intervals from 0.1 to 32 hrs. Area fraction of spheroidized cementite was measured with an image analyzer as a function of cold reduction ratios and duration times.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.382-385
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• 2008

In the present study, the effect of cold reduction ratio on the spheroidization rate of SK85 high carbon steel sheet was investigated. High carbon steel sheet fabricated by POSCO was soaked at $850^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in a box furnace and then treated at $570^{\circ}C$ and $670^{\circ}C$ for 10 min in a salt bath furnace followed by water quenching to obtain a fine pearlite structure and coarse pearlite structure. Cold rolling was conducted on the sheets by reduction ratios of 20, 30, and 40 % and heat treatment for spheroidization was carried out at $720^{\circ}C$ for the various time intervals from 1 to 32 hrs. Area fraction of spheroidized cementite was measured with an image analyzer as a function of cold reduction ratios and duration times.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2016

The current study was conducted to elucidate the effect of cementite morphology and matrix-ferrite microstructure on sliding wear behavior in spheroidized high carbon (1wt. % C) steel. The high carbon steel was initially heat treated to obtain a full pearlite or a martensite microstructure before the spheroidization. The spheroidizing heat treatment was performed on the full pearlitic steel for 100 hours at 700℃ and tempering was performed on the martensitic steel for 3 hours at 650℃. A spheroidized cementite phase in a ferrite matrix was obtained for both the full pearlite and the martensite microstructures. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk wear tester with the heat treated steel as the disk specimen. An alumina(Al₂O₃) ball was used as the pin counterpart during the test. After the spheroidizing heat treatment and the tempering, both pearlite and martensite exhibited similar microstructures of spheroidized cementite in a ferrite matrix. The spheroidized pearlite specimens had lower hardness than the tempered martensite; however, the wear resistance of the spheroidized pearlite was superior to that of the tempered martensite.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.350-353
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• 2009

In the present study, the effect of initial microstructure, cold reduction ratio, and annealing temperature on the spherodization rate of SK85 high carbon steel sheet was investigated. High carbon steel sheet fabricated by POSCO was soaked at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in a box furnace and then treated at $570^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in a salt bath furnace followed by water quenching to obtain a fine pearlite structure. Cold rolling was conducted on the sheets of fine pearlite by reduction ratios of 20, 30, and 40% and heat treatment for spheroidization was carried out at 600 and $720^{\circ}C$ for the various time intervals from 0.1 to 32 hrs. Area fraction of spheroidized cementite was measured with an image analyzer as a function of cold reduction ratios and duration times.