• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2019

인도네시아 보로부두르 보존처리소에서 촬영한 보로부두르 사원 흑백 사진의 재질 특성을 조사하기 위해 과학적 분석을 수행하였다. 흑백 사진에서 시료를 채취하여 현미경 조사, 성분 및 재질 분석을 진행한 결과 흑백 사진은 지지체, 바리타층, 바인더층, 표면층 등 4개의 층으로 구성되어 있는 것을 확인하였다. 지지체는 마섬유로 구성된 종이, 바리타층은 분말상태의 황산바륨(BaSO₄), 바인더층은 할로겐화은이 함유된 유제, 표면보호층은 젤라틴을 사용하여 제작된 것으로 판단하였다. 사진은 구성 재질에 따라 특성 및 보존 환경이 다르므로 시대에 따른 다양한 흑백 사진 재질 특성에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the physical properties of powders made from agricultural byproducts, including rice straw, peanut husks, and garlic stems, to manufacture a new organic filler used for making paperboard. These materials were collected individually, and then we measured their chemical compositions. The byproducts were ground with a laboratory grinder and fractionated with 60-, 100-, and 200-mesh sieves to make many grades of organic fillers. After the grinding and fractionation, the yield, mean particle size, and particle size distribution of each grade were measured. Particle shapes were also investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The organic filler made from rice straw had the highest yield of the largest particle size group and higher contents of cellulose and hemicellulose than those made from peanut husks and garlic stems. The rice straw also showed more regular particle shapes and a lower aspect ratio than the other agricultural byproducts.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

A string wallcovering is a kind of textile wallcovering which is made of cellulose fiber yarn laminated on base paper. Compared with normal paper or PVC wallpaper, a string wallcovering is preferred continually in the interior design market, as it is not only environmentally friendly but it also has less cost on mass production without the weaving process and has a natural visual effect, excellent functionality such as thermo keeping, permeability, sound absorption. However, in the dyeing process, it is not appropriate to use plenty of energy such as water, electricity, steam or chemicals considering the environmental trend and the government policy plenty of energy such as water, electricity, steam or chemicals. Currently, a string wallcovering is made of raw white yarn and padding with direct dye or pigment which includes toxic elements, especially the use of direct dye is restricted in a part of the developed country due to inclusion of azo. In this study, we researched dyeing based on cold pad batch dyeing of a string wallcovering with reactive dyestuff. The peel strength and bending depth test confirmed that the optimum adhesive type and spread amount improved the water resistance of the string wallcovering. Also, pad batch dyeing with optimum reactive dyestuff enhanced the color fastness to light and rubbing in dry and wet conditions. Additionally, for improvement of color fastness to rubbing in a wet condition, the additional treatment finishing without soaping process which is used water. The results of this study can be used as basic data for environmentally friendly and energy saving of the textile wallcovering.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2010

Curtain stability without curtain contraction is critical for a successful operation in curtain coating, and this can be influenced by the change in particle dynamics and rheological properties of coating colors. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were added to control the rheology of GCC based curtain coating colors. Surface tension was increased slightly with increasing content of cobinder. Shear-thinning of viscosity was more pronounced for the CMC containing GCC coating colors. Complex modulus decreased when small amount of PVA was used as a cobinder, but it increased in other coating colors. Extensional viscosity was increased with increasing of the cobinder content, but CMC was more effective. Results indicate that pigment interaction with PVA is different from that with CMC. Dispersibility of coating colors was improved due to steric stabilization when small amounts of PVA was used, but flocculation occurred by bridging when the amount of PVA was increased. Dispersibility of coating colors was improved when small amount of CMC was added, while flocculation was observed by depletion effect when the concentration of CMC was increased in coating colors. Addition of cobinders at proper levels gave positive effects both in rheological properties and curtain stability. On the other hand, excessive amount of cobinders caused particle flocculation and this resulted in rheological and curtain stablity problems.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2000

폐지섬유 내로 요소를 침적시켜 폐지섬유 내에 침투된 요소성분이 토양 중에서 서서히 용출됨으로써 작물의 요구에 알맞게 양분을 서서히 공급함과 동시에 이들 폐지섬유도 분해되도록 개발된 완효성 요소비료(시제품)의 화학적 특성, 미세구조 및 수중 질소용출량을 조사한 바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 시제품의 화학적 조성은 질소가 26%, 인산, 가리는 각각 0.04. 0.01%였으며, 함유된 유해성분들 중에 크롬, 구리 납 등은 검출되었지만 비료공정규격 이하였으며, 비소와 카드뮴은 검출되지 않았다. 폐지섬유와 시제품의 구조를 주사전자 현미경(SEM)으로 확대해 보면 폐지섬유의 내부에는 빈 공간이 보이지만, 시제품에서는 폐지섬유의 셀룰로오스성 -OH기에 극성의 요소성분이 달라붙어 있었으며, 세포벽에 요소가 침적된 모습이 보인다. 시제품의 수중 질소용출량은 12시간까지는 60.4%로 급격하게 용출량이 많았으나, 그 후 서서히 용출되어 72시간에 75%까지 용출되었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2023

This paper presents a discussion on lubricating oil filters. The maintenance of lubricating oil filters can improve the performance of mechanical systems and extend the service life of the lubricating oil. Therefore, the effective management of the lubricating oil can extend the service life of the machine and reduce maintenance costs. A representative method for managing lubricating oil is filtering the lubricating oil using a lubricant filter. However, effectively managing a lubricating oil using a lubricant filter requires an understanding of the related knowledge. In this paper, we present the definition, classification, characteristics, specifications, performance, and self-cleaning function of lubricating oil filters. The lubricant filters are classified based on the filter material, filtering method, filtering location, and amount of filtered fluid. Cellulose and glass fiber materials are conventionally used as materials for lubricant filters, and recently, metal materials, which show excellent durability, are being increasingly adopted. The filtering methods can be classified into physical, chemical, magnetic, and electric field methods, and the lubricant filters can be classified according to their location in the lubrication system. The beta ratio and efficiency of the lubricant filter can be determined based on the performance of the filter. Finally, there are many products or technologies that add a self-cleaning function to the filter to remove foreign substances or contaminants for efficient management.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

제지(製紙)슬러지가 논 토양(土壤)의 화학성(化學性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)코자 슬러지를 600 ㎏/10a시용(施用)하여 pot시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)함으로써 토양중(土壤中) 유기물(有機物) 및 부식(腐植)의 형태변화(形態變化)와 부식산(腐植酸)의 자외부(紫外部) 및 가시부령역(可視部領域)에서의 흡수(吸收) spectra, infrared spectra 및 작용기함량(作用基含量)을 경시적(經時的)으로 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 토양중(土壤中) ether 가용물질(可溶物質), resins, 수용성(水溶性) polysaccharides, hemicellulose, cellulose, ligno-protein, 부식산(腐植酸) 및 폴보산의 함량(含量)은 3요소구(要素區)에 비(比)하여 슬러지구(區)가 높았다. 2) 부식산(腐植酸)의 자외부(紫外部) 및 가시부령역(可視部領域)에서의 흡수(吸收) spectra는 모든 처리구(處理區)가 극대(極大)나 극소(極少)가 없는 일정(一定)한 흡수곡선(吸收曲線)을 나타내면서 파장(波長)이 길어질수록 optical density는 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 부식산(腐植酸)의 작용기중(作用基中) phenolic-OH/alcoholic-OH는 슬러지구(區)가 3요소구(要素區)에 비(比)하여 약간 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 부식산(腐植酸)의 형태(形態)는 모든 처리구(處理區)가 주로 P형(型) 및 Rp형(型)이었다. 3) 부식산(腐植酸)의 infrared spectra의 공통적(共通的)인 주요(主要) 흡수(吸收) band는 $3,400cm^{-1}$, $2,900cm^{-1}$, $1,600cm^{-1}$ 및 $1,050cm^{-1}$부근(附近)이었으며 $3,400cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 넓은 흡수(吸收) band는 hydrogen-bonded OH에 기인(基因)되었고 $2,900cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 흡수(吸收)는 aliphatic C-H stretching에 의한 것이었으며 $1,630cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 흡수(吸收)는 aromatic C=C외에 hydrogen-bonded C=O로 추측(推測)되었으며 $1,050cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 강(强)한 흡수(吸收) band는 규산(珪酸) 부순물(不純物)의 Si-O결합(結合)에 기인(基因)된 것으로 해석(解釋)되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제12권
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• pp.25-31
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• 1969

반부후(半腐朽) 아까시아나무(Robinia Pseudacacia Linne)에서 분리(分離)한Trichoclerma viride $(O_2-1)$가 생성(生成)하는 조효소(粗酵素)의 성질(性質)을 실험(實驗)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 각종(各種)의 섬유소기질(纖維素基質)에 반응(反應)시켜본 결과(結果) 수종류(數種類)의 cellulase가 혼존(混存)함을 알았다. 2) C.M.C 및 ${\beta}-glucoside$ 분해효소(分解酵素)는 기질(基質)의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 분해율(分解率)이 낮았으며 여지당화효소(濾紙糖化酵素)는 기질(基質) 및 효소량(酵素量)이 증가(增加)되고 시간(時間)의 경과(經過)에 따라 분해율(分解率)이 상대적(相對的)으로 증가(增加)되었다. 3) 각효소(各酵素)의 최적활성(最適浩性) pH는 5.0이였으며 pH 안정성(安定性)은 대체(大體)로 pH $3{\sim}6$ 이였다. 4) 최상활성온도(最適活性溫度)는 여지붕괴력(濾紙崩壞力)이 $50^{\circ}C$ C.M.C.및 $p-nitro-phenyl-{\beta}-glucoside$ 분해력(分解力)이 $60^{\circ}C$ 여지당화력(濾紙糖化力)이 $65^{\circ}C$에서 최고활성(最高活性)을 나타내었다. 열(熱)에 대(對)한 안정성(安定性)은 여지당화력(濾紙糖化力), C.M.C 당화력(糖化力), 여지붕괴력(濾紙崩壞力), ${\beta}-glucoside$ 당화력(糖化力)의 순위(順位)였다. 5) 금속(金屬) Ion에 대(對)한 영향(影響)은 $Hg^{++},\;Ag^+$ 각효소(各酵素)에 대(對)하여 조해(阻害)하였으며 $K^+$는 각효소(各酵素)를 활성화(活性化)하였다.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.2
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• pp.231-237
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• 2006

Grease barrier food containers are commonly used for packaging of fast food, cooked food, and food in general. Greaseproofing is also used for certificate paper and label paper etc. Different pulp raw materials, due to their different fiber morphology and chemical compositions, produce papers of varying characteristics. We used optical photomicroscopy and fiber analysis data to evaluate fiber morphology and traits under various beating conditions in order to understand which pulp raw materials produced superior greaseproofing property when a fluorinated greaseproofing agent was added internally. The experiment studied 9 species of pulps, including 2 softwood (northern pine and radiata pine) bleached kraft pulps which were beaten to 550 and 350 mL CSF, respectively; 3 hardwoods (eucalypts, acacia, mixed Indonesian hardwoods) bleached kraft pulps which were beaten to 450 and 250 mL CSF, respectively; and nonwood fibers of reed, bagasse, and abaca. A fluorinated greaseproofing chemical at 0.12% dosage with respect to dry pulp was added to each pulp preparation and formed handsheets. A total of 67 sets of handsheets were prepared, and their basis weights, thickness, bulks, opacities, wet opacities, air resistance, water absorption and degrees of greaseproofing were measured for an overall evaluation of pulp and freeness on greaseproofing papers. The experimental fiber length, coarseness and distribution characteristics and the greaseproofing results suggest that softwood pulps (radiate pine > northern pine) were superior to hardwood pulps (eucalypts > acacia > mixed Indonesian hardwoods). The unbeaten pulps gave papers with high porosities and nearly devoid of greaseproofing property. Greaseproofing is proportional to air resistance. Among the nonwood fibers, bagasse had the best greaseproofing property, followed by reed and abaca was the poorest. With regards to waterproofing property, hardwood pulps (mixed Indonesian hardwoods > acacia > eucalypts) were better than softwood pulps (northern pine > radiate pine). Among the Nonwood fibers, reed had the highest waterproofing property, and it was followed by abaca, while bagasse had the poorest waterproofing characteristic. In summary, bleached kraft northern pine, eucalypts and reed pulps were best suited for making greaseproofing papers, Freeness of the pulps should be kept at $200{\sim}280mL$ CSF for optimal performance.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.134-142
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• 1995

제지슬러지의 메탄발효 효율을 높이기 위하여, 본 연구에서는 중온($35^{\circ}C$)과 고온($60^{\circ}C$) 메탄발효를 실시하였으며, 발효 촉진제로 기질(ethyl acetate), $F_{430}$의 구성성분(nickel), 생육인자 및 환원제(sulfur) 등의 화합물을 첨가한 후 메탄 생성 효율을 비교 조사하였다. 1. 제지슬러지를 단순히 $60^{\circ}C$로 가열해 주어도 섬유소가 분해됨을 간접적으로 확인하였으며, pH를 교정하기 위한 NaOH처리로 그 효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 2. 중온($35^{\circ}C$) 메탄발효 가스중 40%의 메탄함량을 나타낸 처리구는 nickel trioxide(5일), nickel sulfate(10일), nickel acetate(15일) 순 이었다. 3. 중온에서의 메탄생성 효율은 대조구(0.62%), ethyl acetate(0.21%), nickel acetate(2.14%), nickel sulfate(3.02%), nickel trioxide(3.34%)로 대조구에 비하여 최고 5.4배까지 증가하였으며, nickel화합물에서는 acetate< sulfate< trioxide의 순으로 메탄발효를 촉진하였다. 4. 고온 메탄발효 가스중 40%의 메탄함량을 나타낸 처리구는 nickel trioxide(3일), 혼합(5일), sodium sulfide(6일), 대조구(10일)의 순이었다. 5. 고온에서의 메탄생성 효율은 대조구(9.6%), ethyl acetate(4.8%), sodium sulfide(16.5%), nickel trioxide(19.8%), 혼합(31.9%) 처리구순으로 대조구에 비하여 최고 3.32배의 보다 높은 효율을 보여 주었으며, 중온 보다는 약 10배의 높은 효율을 나타내었다. 6. 중온과 고온 메탄발효후 pH는 메탄발효가 잘 진행된 발효조는 7.0($60^{\circ}C$, 혼합처리구)이었으나, 진행되지 못한 발효조($35^{\circ}C$, ethyl acetate)에서는 5.4로 나타났다. 7. 메탄발효폐액의 특성은 메탄발효가 잘 진행된 폐액의 COD 값이 컸으며, 전질소 함량은 낮았고, pH는 중성을 유지하였다.