• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

The effects of compost inoculation on the degradation of cellulosic fraction in composting of food waste and paper mixture were investigated by bench-scale composting. With the increase of seed inoculation, the time to reach the peaks of temperature, $CO_2$ evolution rate, and ammonia evolution rate was reduced, indicating that seed compost had beneficial effects on the enhanced degradation of organic materials at the early stage of composting. However, the final conversion of organic matters and the loss of ammonia were not affected by the amount of seed compost inoculated. The increasing of seed inoculum also resulted in the higher level of cellulase activity at initial stages and rapid rise to the maximums, suggesting that initial supply of sufficient cellulolytic microorganisms might facilitate the evolution of cellulase activity. The cellulose was degraded substantially during the increasing phase of cellulase activity, while they showed similar values at the end of 20 days composting. As a result, the seed inoculation seemed to be effective to the enhanced evolution of cellulase activity and cellulose degradation at initial stage of composting. But it did not contribute to increase the final degradation of cellulose after the entire composting reaction of 20 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 1985

In the previous paper, the kinetics of cellulose were described. In this study, the ability of some additives to act as a flame promoter for cellulose was investigated using dynamic thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The treated cellulose was thermally decomposed through the two model as previously noted with the untreated cellulose. The first step was associated with the flaming combustion of volatile material released in the fraunentation process and the second was caused by the glowing combustion of carbonaceous residue. The first group of the additives, which could be divided into two groups by the pyrolytic mechanism of cellulose, appeared to catalyze the fragmentation, maximizing the degradation to produce tarry products, with gaseous flammable substrate. The heat evolved in flaming combustion mode was increased significantly by the treatment of the cellulose retained 1-5% of the first group additives.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 1997

Dissolving pulp is a low yield(30∼35%) bleached chemical pulp that has a high cellulose content (95% or higher) suitable for use in cellulose derivatives such as rayon, cellulose acetate. This research was studied for dissolving pulp preparation as the raw material of viscose rayon from commertial pulps. (TMP, CP, DIP) In the change of pulp(cellulose) characteristics after sodium hypochlorite and solvolysis treatment. the following results were obtained In the case of sodium hypochlorite pretreatment, we have obtained pulp that high purity cellulose, but degree of polymerization was inclined to decrease less than 170∼240. Comparing sodium hypochlorite pretreatment and solvolysis pretreatment, solvolysis pretreatment is superior to sodium hypochlorite process for making dissolving pulp. We think that the low degree of polymerization of cellulose because of increasing degradation of cellulose during delignification treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.297-297
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• 1987

A $C_{1}$ enriched cellulase fraction was separated from culture filtrate of anaerobic Clostridium thermocellum by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The separated fraction showed strong synergistic action with $C_{x}$ component (endo-$\beta$-1, 4-glucanase) in digestion of crystalline cellulose, similar to the other aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. Unlike the $C_{x}$ component the $C_{1}$ enriched fraction was rapidly inactivated by oxidation at the atmospheric condition. The enzyme activity was significantly enhanced by the addition of reducing agents, especially $\beta$-mercaptoethanol, which indicates that a $C_{1}$ component has a lot of sulfhydryl groups essential for the enzyme activity. The effect of metal ions on $C_{1}$ activity was also investigated. The $C_{1}$ fraction was found to be thermally stable compare to endo-$\beta$-1,4-glucanase. Optimal temperature and pH were found to be 60.deg.C and 6.0, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.55-60
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• 1992

Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) decayed by brown-rot fungi Tyromyces palustris and Gloeophyllum trabeum were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis and infrared spectral examinations. Pine woods decayed by T. palustris showed the increase of relative crystallinity in the initial stage of degradation. When the weight loss was above 30%, then the crystallinity went down slowly. In contrast, the wood samples degraded by G. trabeum showed the decrease of crystallinity from the beginning stage of decay. The changes of crystallinity in brown-rotted woods suggested that the degradation rate of crystalline cellulose was varied with the brown rot fungal species. X-ray diffraction analyses also indicated that crystalline cellulose was much more slowly broken down than the amorphous one. The most notable difference in the IR spectra of the brown-rotted wood samples was that the adsorption band centered at 1,730$cm^{-1}$ was significantly diminished in the decayed wood. indicating the degradation of hemicellulose by brown-rot fungi. However, no marked changes of intensities at 1,000, 1,060 and 1,040$cm^{-1}$ were observed in the brown rotted wood samples, suggesting that crystal line cellulose was resistant against the attack by brown rot fungi.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.716-720
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• 2001

To test the metal ion effect, hydrolysis experiments for two cellobiohydrolases (CBHⅠ and CBH Ⅱ) from Trichoderma reesei have been carried out in the presence of 10 mM metal ions, such as Cu++, Mn++, Ca++, Hg++, Ba++, Pb++, and Cd++. The addition of Mn++, Ba++, and Ca++(10 mM) during the hydrolysis of Avicel PH 101 caused an increase in the total reducing sugar (TRS) for CBH Ⅰ by 142, 135, and 114 percent, respectively. Those for CBH Ⅱ increased by 177, 175, and 115 percent, respectively. The Mn++ was the most stimulatory metal ion, whereas Hg++ was the most inhibitory metal ion. The adsorption experiments were performed to investigate how the influence of Mn++ and Hg++ on the hydrolysis is related to the adsorption of cellobiohydrolases on cellulose. The increase in TRS during hydrolysis by adding Mn++ caused an increase in adsorption affinity (Kad) and tightness (ΔHa). While, the decrease of TRS during hydrolysis by adding Hg++ caused a decrease in the adsorption affinity (Kad) and tightness (ΔHa). These results indicate the changes in the tightness and affinity of adsorption by adding metal ions play a crucial role in the degradation of the microcrystalline cellulose.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.20-25
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• 2007

Henequen fibers were treated by electron beam irradiation and by NaOH to make surface modification for better bonding in the manufacture of biocomposite. Impurity removal and carbonyl group formation were noticed in the previous study by electron beam irradiation, but extensive cellulose degradation were also noticed. To evaluate the effects of electron beam irradiation on cellulosic fibers further, henequen fibers, cotton pulp, cotton fibers, and cellophane were irradiated by electron beam, and their changes of cellulose viscosity, chemical composition, and tensile strength were measured and analyzed.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 2009

The cellulose smart material called electro-active paper (EAPap) is made by regenerating cellulose. However, the actuator performance is degraded at low humidity levels. To solve this drawback, EAPap bending actuators were made by activating wet cellulose films in three different room-temperature ionic liquids: l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflurophosphate ($BMIPF_6$), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMICL) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluroborate ($BMIBF_4$). In the results, the actuator performance was dependent on the type of anions in the ionic liquids, in the order of $BF_4$>Cl>$PF_6$. The BMIBF 4-activated actuator showed the maximum displacement of 3.8 mm with low electrical power consumption at relatively low humidity. However, the BMICL-activated actuator showed a slight degradation of actuator performance. Further performance and durability improvement will be possible once various ionic liquids are blended with cellulose.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2002

To evaluate the effect of reed population on the distribution and activities of microorganisms, vertical distribution of heterotrophic bacteria, degradation rate of cellulose, extracellular aminopeptidase activity (APA) and metabolic diversity based on GN2 Microlog plate were measured at two salt marsh stations in Hogok-ri, Namyang Bay, west coast of Korea. The number of heterotrophic bacteria at station 1 (reed population inhabited area) showed 2 to 6 times higher than that of station 2 (exposed area) with exception in the surface layer. Cellulose degradation rates in station 1 showed more than 50%. month-I and higher than that of station 2 (10.2 to 38.4%. $month^{-1}$). Yet the APA at two stations did not show difference except surface layer and suggested that APA might not be a significant factor in degrading marsh plant debris. Lipid class compounds, cell wall polymers and L-alanine were widely used by microorganisms. The number and activities of bacterial populations especially concerned in plant debris degradation seemed to be stimulated by the reed communities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.752-757
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• 1999

Studies were made of digestion of timothy (Pheleum pretense) hay, tall fescue (Festuca elatior) hay, and rice (Oryza sativa) straw in pure cultures of rumen anaerobic fungus, Neocallimastix frontails MCH3. The fungus was inoculated on ground forages (1%, w/v) in an anaerobic medium and incubated at $39^{\circ}C$. Incubation was continued for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The losses of dry matter, xylose and glucose of forage during incubation were determined at the end of these incubation periods. Xylose and glucose were considered to be released from xylan and cellulose, respectively. The digested xylan to digested cellulose (X/C) ratios of the substrate were calculated. Xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCase) of culture supernatant and residual substrate was measured at the same time. The X/C ratios in the cultures on timothy hay and rice straw were greater than 0.5 in the first 24-h incubation period. The values were smaller than 0.3 in tall fesque. The ratio of xylanase activity to that of CMCase in the first 24-h incubation period correlated well with the traits in X/C ratio. However xylanase activity was still superior to CMCase in the following incubation period (48 to 96 h), although the glucose (designated as cellulose) was more intensively digested than xylose (designated as xylan). The production of these polysaccharidases appeared to correlate with substrate cell-wall sugar composition, xylose to glucose ratios, at the beginning of fast growing period.