• Integrative Medicine Research
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.452-456
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• 2017

Everything in the surrounding universe can be attributed into five elements. Human organs can be also linked to the five elements. Cells, the smallest unit of the human body, consist of cellular organelles as little organs. Here, we extended the concept of the five elements to a cellular level via the human organs, theoretically re-evaluating the overall association of cellular organelles in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular functions.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2015

진핵세포내 막성세포소기관들은 각각 고유한 세포의 중요한 기능들을 담당하고 있다. 이들 기관에 분포하는 단백질들은 세포질에서 발현된 후, 정교한 조절에 의해서 다양한 세포내 소기관으로 운송된다. 따라서, 세포내에 존재하는 막성세포소기관의 마커를 개발하고, 이들의 타기팅 기전을 알아내는 것은 세포 생리 및 병리학적 기전 연구에 중요한 도구가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 보고된 당지질-결합 펩타이드들과 이들의 변형을 통한 세포내 타겟팅을 분석하였다. 그 결과 이러한 당지질-결합 펩타이드들은 미토콘드리아, 원형질막, 골지체로 위치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 펩타이드가 세포내 기관을 마커로 이용될 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 원형질막에 타기팅하는 펩타이드 마커의 경우는, 정전기적인 상호작용에 의해 원형질막에 선택적으로 타기팅됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 당지질-결합 펩타이드들이 다양한 세포내 운송과 관련한 연구에 세포소기관의 위치 및 모양을 분석 할 수 있는 마커로 이용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권11호
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• pp.851-860
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• 2021

Label-free optical diffraction tomography (ODT), an imaging technology that does not require fluorescent labeling or other pre-processing, can overcome the limitations of conventional cell imaging technologies, such as fluorescence and electron microscopy. In this study, we used ODT to characterize the cellular organelles of three different stem cells-namely, human liver derived stem cell, human umbilical cord matrix derived mesenchymal stem cell, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-based on their refractive index and volume of organelles. The physical property of each stem cell was compared with that of fibroblast. Based on our findings, the characteristic physical properties of specific stem cells can be quantitatively distinguished based on their refractive index and volume of cellular organelles. Altogether, the method employed herein could aid in the distinction of living stem cells from normal cells without the use of fluorescence or specific biomarkers.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.686-693
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• 2020

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that breaks down damaged organelles or damaged proteins using intracellular lysosomes. Recent studies have also revealed that various forms of selective autophagy play specific physiological roles under different cellular conditions. Lipid droplets, which are mainly found in adipocytes and hepatocytes, are dynamic organelles that store triglycerides and are critical to health. Lipophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets lipid droplets and is an essential mechanism for maintaining homeostasis of lipid droplets. However, while processes that regulate lipid droplets such as lipolysis and lipogenesis are relatively well known, the major factors that control lipophagy remain largely unknown. This review introduces the underlying mechanism by which lipophagy is induced and regulated, and the current findings on the major roles of lipophagy in physiological and pathological status. These studies will provide basic insights into the function of lipophagy and may be useful for the development of new therapies for lipophagy dysfunction-related diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2018

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells, which play key roles in various biological pathways. Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production, maintenance of $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis and regulation of apoptosis, while ER is involved in protein folding, lipid metabolism as well as $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis. These organelles have their own functions, but they also communicate via mitochondrial-associated ER membrane (MAM) to provide another level of regulations in energy production, lipid process, $Ca^{2+}$ buffering, and apoptosis. Hence, defects in MAM alter cell survival and death. Here, we review components forming the molecular junctions of MAM and how MAM regulates cellular functions. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of impaired ER-mitochondrial communication in various neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

A sequential sub-cellular study of the epicarp of Nerium indicum has been performed. Outer epidermis of the ovary wall is covered externally with a thin cuticle. Cytoplasm possesses most of the cell organelles in the ovary stage itself. Outermost zone of the pericarp is the epicarp, developing from the outer epidermis. In the developing fruit, cell organelles are found with its maximum intensity. In mature fruit, the epicarp becomes multilayered due to additional development of few collenchymatous cells close to the outermost layer. Epicarpic cell possesses large central vacuole, around which a thin layer of cytoplasm is present. Number of cell organelles are considerably reduced in the mature fruit. In the ovary stage starch grains are electron transparent, while in the mature fruit it is fruit it is electron transluscent.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

인터루킨-1을 횐쥐의 기관지 내로 투여하였을 때 급성 부종성 폐손상(acute edematous lung injury)이 유발되며, 폐세척액 내 호중구가 증가되고 surfactant의 양도 증가한다. 대식세포는 증가된 surfactant 기인한 탐식작용 활동이 증가하여 세포 내 환상의 구조물들이 증가하나 정상군과 비교하여 형태적으로 세포기관의 구조에서 차이를 보이고 있다. 이러한 세포구성은 세포간 기능상 의 차이를 나타내는 것이며, surfactant의 순환과 연관성이 있을 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서 정상 군에 있어서 폐포강 내 대식세포가 환상의 구조물들을 합성하는 형태를 보였으며, 이것은 surfactant의 재합성과 분비작용과 매우 밀접한 연관성이 있음을 보여 주는 것이다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2017

One of the characteristics of the neurons that distinguishes them from other cells is their complex and polarized structure consisting of dendrites, cell body, and axon. The complexity and diversity of dendrites are particularly well recognized, and accumulating evidences suggest that the alterations in the dendrite structure are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Given the importance of the proper dendritic structures for neuronal functions, the dendrite pathology appears to have crucial contribution to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular basis of dendritic changes in the neurodegenerative diseases remains largely elusive. Previous studies in normal condition have revealed that several cellular components, such as local cytoskeletal structures and organelles located locally in dendrites, play crucial roles in dendrite growth. By reviewing what has been unveiled to date regarding dendrite growth in terms of these local cellular components, we aim to provide an insight to categorize the potential cellular basis that can be applied to the dendrite pathology manifested in many neurodegenerative diseases.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.185-189
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• 2009

초파리 망막 세포의 미세구조연구는 1960년대부터 수행되어 왔으나, 이 연구들은 2차원 구조연구에 국한되어 있었다. 본 논문은 초고압 동결법, 연속절편법, 초고압 전자현미경, 그리고 3차원 구조 구현법을 이용하여 초파리 성체의 망막 세포에 존재하는 미토콘드리아, 미세소관, 그리고 핵의 3차원 분포를 연구한 결과이다. 이를 통하여 미토콘드리아는 주로 세포막 가까이에 위치하며, 그 수는 렌즈와 가까운 말단부분에 많은 것을 알 수 있었고, 미세소관은 렌즈와 가까운 망막 말단부분과 시신경과 연결되는 기부에 특히 많은 수가 존재하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이들은 망막 변성의 원인이 되는 세포 소기관이므로, 이들의 세포 내 3차원 분포는 병의 원인을 연구하는 데 있어 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 1997

This paper aims to prove the effects of Squalene (SQ) on the cellular toxicity of 5-FU to the mouse which pretreated with SQ and then treated with 5-FU. The results of the group A (treated with only 5-FU) are as follows. The nucleus was destroyed at 24 hours and 48 hours group, however, somewhat repaired at 72 hours group. The dilated inner cavity and the irregular lamellae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were observed continually until 72 hours group. The inner cavity of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were dilated in all groups. However, the destroyed and the normal membrane were observed simultaneously at 72 hours group. The inner membrane of the mitochondria were almost repaired at 96 hours group. The results of the group B (treated with 5-FU and squalene) are as follows. The nucleus was a little influenced by the toxicity of 5-FU at 24 hours and 48 hours, RER were observed to keep the typical lamella structure of cisternae from 24 to 72 hours group, but inner cavity kept on dilating. In SER, inner cavity were also observed to flatten from 24 to 72 hours group. Mitochnodria were always shown normal. All cell organelles were simillar to those of normal groups at 96 hours. Accordingly, it can be said that the treatment of 50 prevents the cytotoxicity of 5-FU on cell organelles of liver cell and that is concerned with the formation of membrane system of cell organelles.