• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative properties, cellular protective effects and component analyses of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction obtained from Lysimachia christinae Hance (L. christinae Hance). In the evaluation of antioxidative properties, the free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction were 146.8, 22.2 and $27.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively and total antioxidant capacities ($OSC_{50}$) were 29.3, 2.9 and $4.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. Also, the cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction on $^1O_2$ induced photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were 26.9, 57.5 and 103.9 min at $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In particular, ${\tau}_{50}$ of the aglycone fraction exhibited a higher cellular protective effect than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (37.7 min). The cell viability of the ethyl acetate fraction on the UVB-induced cell damage increased up to 90.1%. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction ($5-25{\mu}g/mL$) showed cellular protective effects on the $H_2O_2-induced$ cell damages in a dose-dependent manner. TLC, HPLC, UV-vis spectroscopy and LC-MS were used to analyse components of the ethyl acetate fraction and the main components were quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides. In conclusion, L. christinae Hance extract/fraction can function as antioxidants to protect the skin exposed to UV radiation and may also be used as a novel functional cosmetic material, for example, an antioxidant against skin photoaging.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.271-284
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dried powders and water extracts of Paecilomyces tenuipes(P. tenuipes) and Cordyceps militaris(C. militaris) on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative capacity and immune status in rats. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 195$\pm$21g were grouped into five according to body weight. Ratw were raised for four weeks with diet containing either 4%, 2%(w/w) of dried P. tenuipes powders(TP-4, TP-2) or water extracts from equal amounts of each 4% P. tenuipes and C. militaris powder(TE-4, ME-4). Food intake, weight gain of all groups were not significantly different from those of control group. Lipid metabolism in general was not significantly different among all the groups. However both dried P. tenuipes powder lowered plasma cholesterol level slightly, water extract groups showed tendency of higher plasma HDL-cholesterol and lower liver cholesterol levels than control. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the experimental groups were lower than control group. Red blood cell(RBC) and liver superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were not generally different among all groups. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activities of all groups were tended to be lower than control group. Proliferation of aplenocytes induced by mitogens, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, were increased in TP-2 group. The TP-4 group showed increased CD8 T cells and MHC class II expression without changes in CD4 T cells, B cells and G/M ratio, suggesting activated cytotoxic T cell activity in vivo. Increase of G/M ratio but not of MHC class II in TP-2 group indicated the possible acute inflammatory reaction by the ingested substances in gastrointestinal tract. ME-4 group showed enhanced cellular immunity without vigorous changes of immune parameters in brief periods. In conclusion, both P. tenuipes and C. militaris stimulated antioxidant capacity and immune status in rats. Among groups, water extract of C. militaris was most effective in both capacities, though dried powder of P. tenuipes at 2% dietary level was more effective in antioxidant activity, as various results by different strains were observed.(Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 271~284, 2001)

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to evaluate shattered industrial polyurethane (PUR) and cellular glass foam (CGF) as growth medium components. Pot chrysanthemum 'Pink Pixie Time 'was cuttured in media containing various volume ratios of PUR, CGF, peatmoss, coir, and perlite. Before plant culture, pH and EC of media were determined. Container capacity (%) was low in perlite and CGF-containing media, but it increased when incorporation ratio of peatmoss or coir was increased. pH was stable between 5.0 and 6.3, but was high in coir-contaning media as compared to other media tested. EC was very high in coir-containing media. Hight at 34 days after planting was the greatest in media containing CGF, and number. of leaves was similar among treatments. Growth in PUR-containinly media was poorer than that in the other media, with some leaf edge burning. Trends in growth measured at 97 days after planting was similar to that measured at 34 days after planting.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2016

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3383-3387
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• 2015

Portulaca oleracea (Family: Portulacaceae), is well known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor activities. However, cytotoxic effects of seed oil of Portulaca oleracea against human liver cancer (HepG2) and human lung cancer (A-549) cell lines have not been studied previously. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Portulaca oleracea seed oil on HepG2 and A-549 cell lines. Both cell lines were exposed to various concentrations of Portulaca oleracea seed oil for 24h. After the exposure, percentage cell viability was studied by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) assays, and cellular morphology by phase contrast inverted microscopy. The results showed a concentration-dependent significant reduction in the percentage cell viability and an alteration in the cellular morphology of HepG2 and A-549 cells. The percentage cell viability was recorded as 73%, 63%, and 54% by MTT assay and 76%, 61%, and 50% by NRU assay at 250, 500, and $1000{\mu}g/ml$, respectively in HepG2 cells. Percentage cell viability was recorded as 82%, 72%, and 64% by MTT assay and 83%, 68%, and 56% by NRU assay at 250, 500, and $1000{\mu}g/ml$, respectively in A-549 cells. The 100 $100{\mu}g/ml$ and lower concentrations were found to be non cytotoxic to A-549 cells, whereas decrease of 14% and 12% were recorded by MTT and NRU assay, respectively in HepG2 cells. Both HepG2 and A-549 cell lines exposed to 250, 500, and $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of Portulaca oleracea seed oil lost their normal morphology, cell adhesion capacity, become rounded, and appeared smaller in size. The data from this study showed that exposure to seed oil of Portulaca oleracea resulted in significant cytotoxicity and inhibition of growth of the human liver cancer (HepG2) and human lung cancer (A-549) cell lines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1151-1156
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• 2005

The comparison on antioxidative activity of 13 kinds of vegetables that showed efficient oxygen radical absorbance capacity was carried out under in uitro and cellular model using LLC-$ PK_{1}$ renal epithelial cell, and also the total Phenol contents were analyzed. Beets, eggplant, and kale exerted the strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and also these vegetables showed high contents of total phenol, indicating the positive relationship between DPPH radical scavenging effect and total phenol content. In addition, the treatment of 1 mM 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride for 24 hrs to LLC-$PK_{1}$ cell susceptible to oxidative stress led to the decline of cell viability to 68.1$\%$, whereas the cellular oxidative damage was ameliorated by vegetables, especially eggplant and cauliflower, resulting in the elevation of cell viability to higher than 90$\%$ at the concentration of 5 $\mu$g/mL. This study suggests that 13 kinds of vegetables exert antioxidative activity under in uitro and cellular oxidative damage model, in particular among them eggplant showed the most effective antioxidative activity with higher total phenol content.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.300-318
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• 2003

Statement of problem: The success of implants depends on intimate and direct contact of implant material on bone tissue and on functional relationship with soft tissue contact. Creation and maintenance of osseointegration depend on the understanding of the tissue's healing, repairing, and remodeling capacity and these capacities rely on cellular behavior. Altering the surface properties can modify cellular responses such as cell adhesion, cell motility, bone deposition, Therefore, various implant surface treatment methods are being developed for the improved bone cell responses. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of osteoblast-like cells to surface-modified titanium. Materials and Methods: The experiment was composed of four groups. Group 1 represented the electropolished surface. Group 2 surfaces were machined surface. Group 3 and Group 4 were anodized surfaces. Group 3 had low roughness and Group 4 had high roughness. Physicochemical properties and microstructures of the discs were examined and the responses of osteoblast-like cells to the discs were investigated. The microtopography was observed by SEM. The roughness was measured by three-dimension roughness measuring system. The microstructure was analyzed by XRD, AES. To evaluate cell responses to modified titanium surfaces, osteoblasts isolated from calvaria of neonatal rat were cultured. Cell count, morphology, total protein measurement and alkaline phosphatase activities of the cultures were examined. Results and Conclusion: The results were as follows 1. The four groups showed specific microtopography respectively. Anodized group showed grain structure with micropores. 2. Surface roughness values were, from the lowest to the highest, electropolished group, machined group, low roughness anodized group, and high roughness anodized group. 3. Highly roughened anodized group was found to have increased surface oxide thickness and surface crystallinity. 4. The morphology of cells, flattened or spherical, were different from each other. In the electropolished group and machined group, the cells were almost flattened. In two anodized groups, some cells were spherical and other cells were flattened. And the 14 day culture cells of all of the groups were nearly flattened due to confluency. 5. The number of attached cells was highest in low roughness anodized group. And the machined group had significantly lower cell count than any other groups(P<.05). 6. Total protein contents showed no difference among groups. 7. The level of alkaline phosphatase activities was higher in the anodized groups than electropolished and machined groups(P<.05).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1546-1553
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• 2015

In cognitive radio technology, the overall capacity of communications systems can be improved without allocating additional bands by allowing secondary system to utilize the band when a primary system who has right to use the band does not utilize it. Therefore, spectrum sensing to determine the existence of primary system is utmost important in the cognitive radio technology. In this work, we consider a novel cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive cellular systems. Especially, we consider the case in which heterogeneous primary systems coexist, i.e., heterogenous transmission power and sensing requirement of primary system, such that only portion of users in cognitive cellular systems are able to detect the primary system. In this case, we propose new cooperative spectrum sensing with multiple sensing stages to properly detect the existence of primary systems in this kind of situations. Moreover, we analyze the performance of conventional cooperative spectrum sensing schemes such as OR-rule, AND-rule and MAJORITY-rule under the existence of heterogeneous primary systems. Finally, we investigate the performance of the proposed scheme through computer based simulations and show that the existence of primary systems can be determined accurately by using our proposed scheme.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2024

Objectives We used the D-galactose (D-gal) induced C2C12 myoblast senescence model to investigate whether ethanol extract of Perilla. fructescens leaves (EEPF) could delay cellular senescence and regulate related mechanisms. Methods C2C12 myogenic cells were cultured in an incubator under 37 ℃ and 5% CO₂ conditions. EEPF, dried perilla leaves were pulverized and extracted at 1:10 (v/v) at 50 ℃ for 4 hours. Cell counting kit-8 and western blot analysis was performed. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit and DAPI staining was applied. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde analysis kits were used. To measure the level of reactive oxygen species generation, staining and flow cytometry was used. To analyze the mitochondrial activity, membrane potential changes were measured using JC-1. 𝛽-gal activity was analyzed using SA-𝛽-gal staining solution, and DNA damage was analyzed by using 𝛾-H2AX. Quantikine ELISA kit was used to analyze inflammatory cytokine production. Results According to the results of this study, EEPF significantly alleviated the decrease in cell viability in C2C12 cells treated with D-gal and suppressed the decrease in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. EEPF also markedly blocked D-gal-induced C2C12 cell apoptosis and restored reduced activity of CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD. In addition, EEPF suppressed the decrease in 𝛽-galactosidase activity, the induction of DNA damage and the increase in expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype proteins such as p16, p53 and p21 in D-gal-treated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, EEPF significantly attenuated D-gal-induced production and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that EEPF can be used as a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of muscle aging.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.343-350
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• 2007

Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MPCs) were isolated from porcine umbilical cord blood (UCB) and their morphology, proliferation, cell cycle status, cell-surface antigen profile and expression of hematopoietic cytokines were characterized. Their capacity to differentiate in vitro into osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes was also evaluated. Primary cultures of adherent porcine MPCs (pMPCs) exhibited a typical fibroblast-like morphology with significant renewal capacity and proliferative ability. Subsequent robust cell growth was indicated by the high percentage of quiescent (G0/G1) cells. The cells expressed the mesenchymal surface markers, CD29, CD49b and CD105, but not the hematopoietic markers, CD45 and CD133 and synthesized hematopoietic cytokines. Over 21 days of induction, the cells differentiated into osteocytes adipocytes and chondrocytes. The expression of lineage specific genes was gradually upregulated during osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis. We conclude that porcine umbilical cord blood contains a population of MPCs capable of self-renewal and of differentiating in vitro into three classical mesenchymal lineages.