• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bioinformatics Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.344-347
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• 2005

Helper T(Th) cells regulate immune response by producing various kinds of cytokines in response to antigen stimulation. The regulatory functions of Th cells are promoted by their differentiation into two distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2 cells. Th1 cells are involved in inducing cellular immune response by activating cytotoxic T cells. Th2 cells trigger B cells to produce antibodies, protective proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances. Because cellular and humoral immune responses have quite different roles in protecting the host from foreign substances, Th cell differentiation is a crucial event in the immune response. The destiny of a naive Th cell is mainly controlled by cytokines such as IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-${\gamma}$. To understand the mechanism of Th cell differentiation, many mathematical models have been proposed. One of the most difficult problems in mathematical modeling is to find appropriate kinetic parameters needed to complete a model. However, it is relatively easy to get qualitative or linguistic knowledge of a model dynamics. To incorporate such knowledge into a model, we propose a novel approach, fuzzy continuous Petri nets extending traditional continuous Petri net by adding new types of places and transitions called fuzzy places and fuzzy transitions. This extension makes it possible to perform fuzzy inference with fuzzy places and fuzzy transitions acting as kinetic parameters and fuzzy inference systems between input and output places, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.118-125
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• 2008

Objective :Ginseng is one of the most popular Oriental medicinal plants considered as a tonic worldwide. This study aimed to produce comprehensive understanding for immune-related pharmaceutical activities of Ginseng. Methods: We surveyed all literatures, 168 of immunity-focused papers with Ginseng in Pub-med, and analyzed pharmaceutical characters according to immune elements and Ginseng components. Results : The main functions of Ginseng have been associated with modulation of immunity. Whole body of Ginseng or its ingredients differently show the effects on both cellular and humoral elements of immune system. Ginseng enhances the activities of T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages and dendritic cells whileas suppresses mast cell-associated allergy and release of histamine. Conclusion : These results will provide Korean doctors or scientists an immune-related overview of Ginseng, and help them in clinical applications and developments of Korean Ginseng as a global competitive drug in world market.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1990

The effects of panaxytrion as known to be a cytotoxic substance isolated from Panax ginseng on the immune responses were examined. The i.p. administration of panaxytriol to normal mice for 6 consecutive days as doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg suppressed the increase of body weight dose-dependently but did not affect the weight ratio of immunoorgans to body weight, No significant changes were observed in the humoral immune responses as measured by Arthus reaction and plaque forming cells and in the cellular immune response as measured by delayed hypersensitivity as well as phagocytic activity of reticuloendotherial system. These results suggested that panaxytriol, a cytotoxic substance to cancer cells, has no detrimental effects on the immune function in normal mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2018

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans. The heavy incidence and severe or lethal damage caused by T. gondii infection clearly indicate a need for the development of an effective vaccine. T. gondii GRA8 is a member of the dense granules protein family and is used as a marker of acute infection. In the present study, we evaluated the protective immunity induced by DNA vaccination based on a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid, pDsRed2-GRA8, against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with the pDsRed2-GRA8 plasmid and then challenged by infection with the highly virulent GFP-RH strain of T. gondii. The specific immune responses and protective efficacy against T. gondii of this vaccine were analyzed by measuring cytokine and serum antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation assays, and the survival times of mice after challenge. Our results showed that mice immunized with pDsRed2-GRA8 demonstrated specific humoral and cellular responses, induced higher IgG antibody titers with predominant IgG2a production; increased levels of IL-10, IL-12 (p70), $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and splenocyte proliferation; and prolonged survival times compared to those of control mice. The present study showed that DNA immunization with pDsRed2-GRA8 induced humoral and cellular immune responses, and all immunized mice showed greater Th1-type immune responses and longer survival times than those of control mice. These results indicated that T. gondii GRA8 DNA immunization induces a partial protective effect against acute toxoplasmosis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 1991

The present study was undertaken in an effort to investigate the effects of alcohol on survival of mice and on their humoral and cellular immune responses, The immune responses examined were Arthus and delayed-type hyperrsnesitivity(DTH) reactions to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzend(DNFB), antibody response to thymus - dependent SRBC and to thymus -independent polyvinylpyroridone(PVP), and the recovery of Crytococcus neoformans from the liver, spleen, kidney and brain of experimentally infected mice. The administration of ethanol concentrations of 20% or less did not cause any change in survival rates as compared withs saline injected control group. In general, ethanol administration inhibited the Arthus and DTH reactions to SRBC, contact hypersensitivity to DNFB, and antibody response to both SRBC and PVP and it also decreased the resistance of mice to C. neoformans infection. Taken together, the present study stongly suggested that ethanol inhibits immune response and decrease the resistance of mice to C. neoformans infection.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.19-26
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• 1989

Experiments were performed on rats to investigate the effect of doses of capsaicin on the immune response. Olive oil and the 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg and 3.0 mg/kg administration of capsaicin in olive oil were injected intraperitoneally every day for 4 weeks. Rats were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (S-RBC). Immune responses were evaluated by organ weight, HA and HY titer, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and Rosette froming cell. Following results have observed. 1) The weight of spleen and thymus were increased by doses of compared with control group, but the body weight of rats was decreased. 2) HA titer, Arthus reaction and DTH were significntly decreased by doses of capsaicin as compared with control group. 3) Rosette forming cell in spleen cells was decreased according to the increase of capsaicin doses. These results suggested that high dose of capsaicin decrease humoral and cellular immune response in rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-42
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• 1991

This study were done to know the effects of Dangkiyeumja on the in vivo and in vitro immune responses of mice. The recipes of Dangkiyeumja used in this study enhanced such, cellular functions of immunocytes as phagocytic capacity of macrophages, rossett-eforming abilities of splenocytes and metabolic activities of lymphocytes, However, the same recipes decreased the formation of such reactive oxygen intermediates(ROI) as superoxide and hydrogenperoxide from the macrophages. The effects of the same recipes on the in vim immune responses was suppressive on the cellular immune response(CIR)measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity against dinitrofluorobenzene and mildly enhancing for the humoral immune response measured by antibody production against sheep red blood cells. The results of this study could be summarized as follow: 1. Administration of Dangkiyeumja enhanced the phagocytic activity of the murine macrophage. 2. Administration of Dangkiyeumja decreased the formation of ROI in the murine macrophage 3. Administration of Dangkiyeumja increased the number of the splenic rotte forming cells in the mouse. 4. Administration of DangKiyeumja did not effect the antibody production against sheep red blood cells. 5. Administration of Dangkiyeumja depressed the delayed-type hypersenitivity against dinitrofluoro benzene in the mouse. The result of this study suggest that Dangkiyeumja could ameliorate the hypersensitivity reactions by reducing the formation of ROI and decreasing the CIR without affecting the other functions of immunocytes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.985-988
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• 2010

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections. Innate immunity is made up of the surface barrier, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In newborn, immunologic function and demands are different to adults. Neonatal innate immunity specifically suppresses Th1-type immune responses, and not Th2-type immune responses, which are enhanced. And the impaired response of macrophages is associated with the defective innate immunity in newborn period. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key roles in the detection of invading pathogens and in the induction of innate immune responses. In newborn, the expression of TLRs is age dependent, so preterm has low expression of TLRs. Also, there are defects in signaling pathways downstream of TLRs. As a consequence, the defects of TLRs activity cause the susceptibility to infection in the neonatal period.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.839-844
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigated the effects of cadmium(Cd) feeding on the humoral immune responses such as PFC-responses and production of immunoglobulins in BALB/c mice. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Total PFCs of direct IgM antibody response were significantly decreased in all Cd-fed goups, whereas total PFCs of IgG antibody response were slightly increased. 2. In secondary immunization, total HA titers were increased in all Cd groups as compared with control, especially in 100ppmm group and also IgG titers were slightly increased except for 50ppm group. 3. The levels of $IgG_1$ were increased to 5.5% 18.7%, 17.4% and 7.2% in 25, 50, 100 and 200ppm groups as compared with control, respectively. And also the levels of IgE were increased to 5.7%, 7.3%, 8.7% and 0.4% in those of Cd groups, in order. Conclusively, concentrations of $IgG_1$, and IgE were increased in all Cd groups. Based on the results of this study and previous report, it was shown that Cd might affect humoral immune responses by modifying the distribution and function of cells playing in the cellular immune response.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 1983

The effect of subcutanecus injection of Corynebacterium parvum($700{\mu}g$) on cellular and humoral immune responses when given at various time relative to sheep red blood cell(SRBC) sensitization were studied by the evaluation of Arthus, delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH), rosette forming cell, hemagglutinin and hemolysin reactions. Arthus reactivity(3 hours) developed in control mice and test mice pretreated with C. parvum 8 days prior to intravenous sensitization with SRBC were similar. However, there was slight depression of reactivity when C. parvum was given subcutaneoutly(s.c.) 4 or 2 days prior to SRBC sensitization. Arthus reactivity was significantly depressed when C. parvum was given s.c. either at the same time as, or 2 days later than, antigen. DTH reaction was net depressed significantly when C. parvum was injected 8 or 2 days prior to SRBC sensitization or at the same time as antigen. In contrast DTH was significantly augmented when C. parvum given s.c. 4 days prier to SRBC sensitization. DTH was depressed when C. parvum was given s.c. 2 days after antigen. No significant change occurred in rosette forming percetages of spleen cell when C. parvum was given s.c. 8, 4 or 2 days before SRBC sensitization. In contrast, a significant reduction in percentages of rosette forming cell occurred when C. parvum was given s.c. either at the same time as, or 2 days later than, antigen. Serum hemaggulutinin and hemolysin titers were not significantly affected by subcutaneous injection of C. parvum regardless of time relative to SRBC sensitization. However, mercaptoethanol-resistant hemaggulutinin and hemolysin(IgG) titers were somewhat augmented when C. parvum was given 2 days after antigen. It is concluded from these results that depending on the time and route of inoculation, C. parvum can enhance or depress immune responses in mice, suggesting the time and route of C. parvum inoculation is an important point of concern about clinical use of C. parvum for the treatment of cancer.