• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.127-139
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• 2004

Laccase는 여러개의 Cu를 포함하는 효소로서 분자상 산소를 환원시키면서 패놀성 및 비페놀성화합물의 산화를 촉매하는 작용을 한다. 이들 효소들은 미생물 고유의 혹은 유도상의 동위효소의 형태로 목질화된 세포벽을 침투하게 된다. 백색부후균은 많은 종류의 고유의 혹은 유도상의 동위효소를 생산한다. 이들 균체 laccase효소들은 통상 $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ $Ca^{2+}$, $Li^+$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Ag^+$, $Hg^{2+}$, Mn 및 $Fe^{3+}$이온과 같은 금속이온들, 페놀성 화합물, ethanol, isopropanol, cAMP, caffeine, p-anisidine, viscosinamide 및 paraquat 등과 같은 유기화합물, 질소 및 열충격 등에 의하여 유도될 수 있다. Cu 및 pHB (p-hydroxybenzoic acid)의 조합으로 laccase 활성을 30배이상 유도시킬 수 있었다. 여러 가지 inducer 가운데, 2,5-xylidine이 담자균 및 기타 다른 고등균류로부터 160배이상의 가장 효과적인 laccase의 유도효과를 나타냈다. 한편 laccase효소는 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus의 gene family로부터 자주 code로 표시되었는데, lcc3-1 혹은 lac1 및 lac3-2의 페어 gene으로 클론 및 시퀀싱되었다. 유도형 laccase의 경우 mRNA의 합성에 의존하여 laccase가 생성되며, 이러한 유도효과는 결국 새로운 단백질의 합성으로부터 기인된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4363-4368
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• 2015

Background: The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) represents the percentage of neoplastic cell components compared to the combined area of neoplastic cells and the surrounding tumor-induced stroma. A low TSR (predomination of stromal component) has been demonstrated to be an independent adverse prognostic factor in cancers of several organs. In cervical carcinoma patients, TSR has been evaluated in only one previous study with different histological types. The present study aimed to assess the prognostic value of TSR in early stage cervical cancer patients with adenocarcinoma histology only. Materials and Methods: Histological slides of patients with early stage (IB-IIA) cervical adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical treatment between January 2003 and December 2011 were reviewed. Patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy were excluded. TSR was categorized as low (<50%) and high (${\geq}50%$). Correlations between TSR and clinicopathological variables were evaluated. Prognostic values of TSR and other variables were estimated using Cox's regression. Results: Of 131 patients; 38 (29.0%) had low TSR and 93 (71.0%) had high TSR. The patients with low TSR had significantly higher proportions of deep cervical stromal invasion (outer third of wall, p=0.011; residual stroma less than 3 mm, p=0.008) and parametrial involvement (p=0.026). Compared to the patients with high TSR, those with low TSR tended to have lower 5-year disease-free survival rate (83.8% versus 88.9%) and overall survival rate (85.6% versus 90.3%), although the differences were not statistically significant. Low TSR was significantly associated with decreased overall survival in univariate analysis (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.0-7.0; p=0.041), but not in multivariate analysis. TSR was not significantly associated with decreased disease-free survival. Conclusions: Low TSR is associated with decreased overall survival in patients with early stage cervical adenocarcinoma treated by surgery. However, it was not found to be an independent prognostic predictor in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.363-367
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• 2006

The nutritional worth of Phalaris minor seeds was assessed in comparison to conventional cereal grains like maize and wheat. P. minor seeds had higher total ash and cell wall constituents as compared to wheat and maize grains. The CP content of P. minor was comparable to wheat grains but higher than maize grains. The in vitro studies revealed that the net gas production and availability of ME from P. minor was comparable to that of maize but the digestibility of nutrients was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of conventional cereal grains. The digestion kinetic parameters for DM and CP revealed that P. minor had the highest (p<0.05) soluble fraction (a) followed by wheat and maize. Reverse trend was observed for insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b). The effective and true DM and CP degradability was significantly (p<0.05) higher in wheat grains followed by that in P. minor and maize grains. The digestibility of OM and NDF was not affected by replacing cereal grains in concentrate mixture with P. minor seeds up to 75 per cent level. But the availability of ME from concentrate mixtures was comparable to control only up to 50% level of replacement. Replacement of cereal grains with P. minor did not affect the rapidly soluble fraction and insoluble but potentially degradable fraction of concentrate mixture containing P. minor up to 75 per cent, but it was depressed significantly at 100% replacement level. The effective and true degradability of DM of concentrate mixtures containing P. minor from 50 to 100 per cent was comparable to that of conventional concentrate mixture (CCM). The wheat based concentrate mixtures showed higher net gas production (208 vs. 201 ml/g DM/24 h), digestibility of nutrients and ME availability (9.64 vs. 9.54 MJ/kg DM) as compared to maize based concentrate mixture. The wheat based concentrate mixture had significantly (p<0.05) higher rumen undegradable fraction and effective degradability. The data conclusively revealed that conventional cereal grains could be replaced with P.minor seeds up to 75 per cent without affecting the availability of nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제26권4호통권87호
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• pp.450-457
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• 1998

Cryparin은 Cryphonectria parasitica의 세포벽에 풍부한 소수성 단백질에 속한다. cryparin은 비록 하나의 유전자에 의해 발현되지만 액체배양 후 48시간이 지나면 발현된 전체 유전자중에서 22%를 차지할 정도의 높은 발현 양상을 나타낸다. 또한 cryparin은 RNA mycovirus인 Cryphonectria hypovirus 1의 감염에 의해 발현이 현저히 억제되는 유전자로 알려졌다. 이미 지난 실험(Kim et al., 1999)에서 상동염색체간의 재조합을 이용하여 cryparin 유전자를 항생제 hygromycin B 저항성 유전자로 치환한 치환체를 제조하였다. 발현율이 매우 높으면서도 virus에 의해 밀접하게 영향받는 cryparin 유전자의 promoter 분석을 위하여서는 대상이 되는 유전자 치환을 위한 vector만을 포함하며, 분석에 이용될 여러 유전자 운반체들이 어느 한곳에만 삽입되도록 하는 성질을 가진 균주의 개발이 필요하다. 그러나 지난번 실험의 결과 얻어진 cryparin 치환체는 치환용 vector외에도 무작위로 삽입된 vector가 존재하고 나아가 새로운 vector들이 어느 한곳에만 삽입되도록 하는 성질을 갖지 못하였다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 cryparin 유전자 치환체와 영양요구성 돌연변이체인 균주간의 교잡을 이용하여 분석 대상이 되는 유전자의 치환에 이용된 vector만을 포함하며, 분석에 이용될 여러 유전자 운반체들이 genome내의 어느 한곳에만 삽입되도록 하는 성질을 가진 균주를 제조하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.443-447
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• 2016

미세조류 세포벽은 셀룰로오스가 주요 구성성분으로 리그닌을 포함하지 않아 낮은 온도의 전처리 조건에서도 효과적으로 셀룰로오스와 헤미셀룰로오스 분해가 가능하다. 차세대 바이오매스로 주목 받는 미세조류(Tetraselmis KCTC 12236BP)로부터 $120^{\circ}C$ 이하의 낮은 온도 조건에서 열수전처리를 이용한 발효당 생산 증대를 위해 공정조건을 최적화하였다. 주요 공정조건인 추출온도, 황산농도와 추출시간에 따른 당화율 변화를 확인하였을 때, 온도와 황산농도가 글루코오스 생산에 큰 영향을 컸으며 당화율이 비례하여 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 경제성을 고려한 열수전처리 최적조건은 $120^{\circ}C$, 2 mol 황산, 40분으로 95.9%의 당화율을 얻을 수 있었다. 탈지미세조류의 황산 열수전처리와 효소당화를 비교했을 때, 황산 열수전처리의 당화율이 2.1배 이상 높고 전처리 시간이 짧아 황산 열수전처리가 효소당화에 비해 효과적인 공정임을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2001

당근의 가열처리 시 발생하는 경도 감소를 줄이기를 위해 당근에 존재하는 pectmesterase(PE)와 polygalacturonase(PG)의 특성을 조사하고 실제 당근에서의 예비 열처리 조건을 구하여 비교하고자 하였다. 당근에서 추룰한 초효소의 최적 pH는 PE가 7.0, PG가 5.0이었으며, 최적 NaCl은 PE가 0.15 M, PG가 0.10 M이었다. PE의 최적온도는 $50^{\circ}C$. PG가 $70^{\circ}C$이었으며 PE와 PG의 Z-value는 각각 $8.76^{\circ}C과\;6.67^{\circ}C$로 나타나 PE가 PG보다 활성 최적온도는 낮으나 열에는 안정적인 것을 알 수 있었다. 당근의 예비 열처리 조건은 먼저 예비열처리 온도($50~70^{\circ}C$)와 시간(5~60 min)별로 달리 처리한 후 $100^{\circ}C$에서 10 min 동안 가열하여 경도변화를 알아본 결과 $55^{\circ}C$로 60 min 동안 열처리한 것이 가장 높은 경도를 나타내었다. 따라서, $55^{\circ}C$(60 min)로 고정한 후 경도에 영향을 미치는 $CaCl_2$, NaCl, pH의 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 당근의 예비열처리 조건은 0.03 M $CaCl_2$, NaCl, pH 7.0으로 $55^{\circ}C$에서 60 min 동안 열처리하는 것이 최적으로 나타났다. 본 결과의 당근 예비열처리 조건은 PE의 활성과 PG의 억제조건에 상당히 일치하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1722-1727
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• 2006

The nutritive value of 4 straws, obtained after thrashing of seeds from fodder crops, was assessed as complete feed for ruminants. Sixteen male Murrah buffaloes (liveweight 365.8${\pm}$19.5 kg), were divided into 4 equal groups and offered ad lib. straw of either Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium alexandrium, Medicago sativa or Lolium perenne, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, for 40 days in a completely randomized design. Simultaneously, each straw was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes in order to assess the biochemical changes in the rumen. Compared to other straws M. sativa straw had higher (p<0.05) organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose content. L .perenne had the highest (p<0.05) hemicellulose and lowest (p<0.05) CP and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) content. T. resupinatum had the lowest concentration of cell wall constituents (CWC). The digestibility of nutrients of T. resupinatum and L. perenne straw was similar, but higher (p<0.05) than that of other straws. M.sativa straw showed highest (p<0.05) digestibility of CP. The highest OM digestibility of T. resupinatum and CP digestibility of M. sativa were responsible for highest (p<0.05) total volatile fatty acids and trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen in the strained rumen liquor. The digestible crude protein (DCP) was highest (p<0.05) in M. sativa followed by that in T. alexandrium. The total purine derivatives excreted in urine varied from 0.22-0.32 mmol/kg $W^{.75}/d$. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis indicated that OM of straws of M. sativa and that of T. alexandrium was used more (p<0.05) efficiently. The microbial protein synthesized was highest in T. resupinatum, but statistically similar to other groups. The values for N-retention and apparent biological value were highest for L. perenne, though comparable with that of M. sativa and T. alexandrium. The available metabolizable energy (ME) was highest (p<0.05) in T. resupinatum followed by that in L. perenne and lowest in M. sativa. It was concluded that all the straws, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, could be fed exclusively to adult ruminants with no adverse affect, as animals were able to maintain body weight (372${\pm}$20.1 kg).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.355-365
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment (1% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 1 AHPMS, 2% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 2AHPMS) on rate and extent of degradation of mustard straw (MS) in sacco in sheep, and its in vivo digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed to sheep with concentrate (200 g per sheep daily). The treatment of straw with 1 and 2% AHP increased its sodium content by 148 and 296% to that of untreated straw (UMS). There was significant decrease in NDF and hemicellulose contents of AHP treated straw and increase in cellulose and lignin contents. Phenolic acids like ferrulic, $\rho$-coumaric and o-coumaric significantly (p<0.001) reduced by AHP treatment of mustard straw. In first experiment the in sacco degradation of DM, OM and NDF was significantly (p<0.01) greater for 2 AHPMS than for UMS at all incubation periods. The disappearance of nutrient from 1 AHPMS and 2 AHPMS treated straws continue to increase up to 96 h whereas in UMS the peak disappearance was found at 48 h. By using the equation {(y=a+b) ($1-e^{-ct}$)} the degradation rates (c) for DM, OM, and NDF were significantly higher for UMS than AHP treated straws. Level of alkali (1 and 2%) had significant effect on degradation characteristics (a, b, c and $P_{0.05}$) of DM and NDF fraction of MS. However, the effect was not pronounced on OM fraction of MS. In feeding experiment, the intake of nutrients for DM, OM, cell wall constituents and energy was higher on 2 AHPMS, whereas no effect on the digestibility of these nutrients was observed. The apparent nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.05) both in 1 and 2 AHPMS groups. Water intake by animals was significantly increased due to AHP treated mustard straw feeding. Rumen liquor pH was higher in 2 AHPMS fed animals. The $NH_3-N$ of rumen liquor was not affected by feeding of AHP treated MS based diets. Total VFA concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in UMS fed group. The fractional out flow rate of DM was higher (p<0.05) in animals fed on 2 AHPMS diets compared to UMS and lAHPMS fed groups. The population of large holotrichs was higher (p<0.05) on AHP treated MS fed diets compared to UMS. The study indicated that treatment of mustard straw with AHP changed its chemical composition towards a better feed. The nutritive value of 2% AHP treated mustard straw was better in terms of dry matter intake and apparent nitrogen retention. The higher in sacco DM, OM and NDF disappearance however, was not confirmed by in vivo data in this study.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2008

본 연구는 연속적 연풍건조와 열분해 장치를 이용한 Full Scale 최적조건 하에서 하수슬러지 케익를 처분하는 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 P시 N하수처리장의 탈수슬러지 케익를 사용하였으며, 열풍건조와 열분해로의 연계 공정에서 운전조건은 건조온도가 $130{\sim}180^{\circ}C$와 열분해 장치의 온도는 $650{\sim}750^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 장치를 실행하였다. 열풍식 컨베이어식 열풍건조 온도는 $130{\sim}180^{\circ}C$. 부하량 600~750kg/h(W =79.5%)와 체류시간은 110~120분대에서 최적조건을 연구하였다. 연속적 로타리식 열분해공정의 온조조건은 $650{\sim}750^{\circ}C$, 유입부하량 100~158kg/h와 체류시간은 20~40분대에서 최적운전 조건을 평가하기 위해서 실험을 실행하였다. 하수슬러지 케익의 함수율은 78~80%의 조건에서 운전을 실행한 결과 내부수 세포벽 파괴로 인하여 최종적으로 1~3%범위 내까지 수분이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 증발건조와 열분해의 연속공정에 발생되는 동역학적인 변화에 영향을 미치는 주요 매개 변수는 체류운전시간, 슬러지내 수분함량, 슬러지 고형물량, 컨베이어속도, 회전속도 등의 결과에 따라서 최적조건을 산출하였다.