• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.530-535
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• 2005

Background and Aims : Cigarette smoking induces an inflammatory response in the airways, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the cytokines that plays an important role in inducing bronchial inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine if the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin-6, is increased when the bronchial epithelial cells are exposed to a cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and an extract from stop smoking-aiding cigarettes, and examined the safety of these commercially available stop smoking-aiding cigarettes. Method : Bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to CSE from cigarette and stop smoking-aiding cigarettes for 24 hours. ELISA was used to measure the IL-6 levels in the supernatant from each condition. The IL-6 mRNA levels were measured by Taqman Real time RT-PCR. N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was added to each condition to determine if NAC can inhibit the release of IL-6 from the bronchial epithelial cells when they are exposed to CSE from cigarette and stop smoking-aiding cigarettes. Result : When bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to a CSE from cigarettes and stop smoking-aiding cigarettes, each type of CSE stimulated IL-6 production from the bronchial epithelial cells. The IL-6 mRNA level in the Bronchial epithelial cells was also elevated and NAC was found to inhibit the release of IL-6 from bronchial epithelial cells when they were exposed to the CSE from cigarettes and stop smoking-aiding cigarettes. Conclusion : Commercially available stop smoking-aiding cigarette can induce bronchial inflammation and can be harmful to smokers. Therefore, the safety of these cigarettes for smoking cessation should be evaluated.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.876-882
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• 2016

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Corni fructus extracts (CEF, EtOAc extraction; CBF, buthanol extraction; CWF, water extraction) were investigated. The total phenolics of CEF (173.3 mg TAE/g) were significantly higher than those of CWF (26.7 mg TAE/g) and CBF (94.8 mg TAE/g). DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of CEF (DPPH: $RH_{50}$; $25.1{\mu}g/mL$, ABTS: $RC_{50}$; $36.1{\mu}g/mL$) showed even higher than that of BHA and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ used as positive control. All three Corni fructus extracts in the concentration of $1{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$ were effective inhibitors of NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$). NO production was inhibited 71.3~92.2% by CEF, 76.8~85.5% by CBF and 74.4~96.9% by CWF, respectively. CEF, CBF and CWF ($1{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited also pro-inflammatory cytokines like $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 very effectively. $TNF-{\alpha}$ was inhibited up to 51.2% by CWF and $IL-1{\beta}$ was inhibited up to 67.1% by CEF. IL-6 was best inhibited by CEF up to 58.9%. This study suggested the potential of Corni fructus for use as an excellent antioxidant substance and inflammatory inhibiting mediators. Therefore CEF, CBF and CWF Corni fructus extracts may be used for therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2013

This study was conducted to establish the method for preserving PGCs that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen for developmental engineering or preservation of species. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of freeze-thaw treatment on viability of PGCs in chickens. PGCs were collected separately from a germinal gonad of an early embryo of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) of Isa brown, Korean Oge (KO), White Leghorn and Commercial breeds. PGCs separated from a germinal gonad of an early embryo of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) are suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol). The PGCs were then purified using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) method. The viability of PGCs after thawing was $87.4{\pm}0.4%$ and $89.4{\pm}0.2%$ with the 10% EG treatments with no significant difference between the Isa brown and Commercial breeds. The viability of PGCs after freeze- thawing was significantly higher for Isa brown ($87.4{\pm}0.4%$) and Commercial breeds ($89.4{\pm}0.2%$) than Korean Oge (KO) ($77.6{\pm}1.1%$) and White Leghorn ($76.2{\pm}0.9%$)(p<0.05) using 10% EG cryoprotectant. This study established a method for pre- serving chicken PGCs that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid ($LN_2$) at agermplasm repository and ease of entry into a data base. In the future, the importance for this new technology is that poultry lines can be conserved while work is being conducted on improving the production of germline chimeras.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.274-283
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• 2014

Oxidative stress causes tissue damage and facilitates the progression of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular heart diseases, and obesity. Lipid accumulation and obesity-related complications have been observed in the presence of extensive oxidative stress. As part of an ongoing study to develop therapeutic supplements, Sargassum sp. were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as to suppress lipid accumulation. Three species, S. hemiphyllum, S. thunbergii, and Sargassum horneri, were shown to scavenge free radicals in a di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) assay. In addition, Sargassum sp. was shown to scavenge intracellular ROS and to decrease nitric oxide (NO) production in $H_2O_2$ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages, respectively. Taken together, the results suggest that Sargassum sp. possess huge potential to relieve oxidative stress and related complications, as well as lipid-induced oxidation. They indicate that S. hemiphyllum, S. thunbergii, and S. horneri are potent functional supplements that can produce beneficial health effects through antioxidant and antiobesity activities, with S. hemiphyllum being the most potent among the Sargassum sp. tested. A potential mechanism for the effect of Sargassum sp. on the suppression of lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes through deactivation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR ${\gamma}$) is presented.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2005

Immature embryos of 3 cultivars (Du Me Chal, Mi Baek Chal, Heug Jeom Chal) and 5 genotypes (HW1, KL103, HW3, HW4, KW7) were cultured on medium containing MS salts, Eriksson's vitamins, 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 25 mM proline, 100 mg/L casamino acid, 3 mM MES, 1.7 mg/L $AgNO_3$ and 20 g/L sucrose (SIM). Frequency of somatic embryo formation on explant of immature embryos showed in HW1 (45.20%), KL103 (5.75%), HW3 (37.20%), HW4 (30.10%), KW70 (55.20%), Mi Baek Chal (18.74%), Heug Jeom Chal (22.41%), Du Me Chal (36.72%) and Hi II type (<10%), respectively. Yellowish friable embryogenic callus (YFEC) such as type II callus of Hi II genotype only produced from the HW3 and Heug Jeom Chal, whereas other cultivars and genotypes were directly formed somatic embryos with late-embryonic stages or expanded yellowish compact somatic embryo with morphological abnormality. The yellowish friable embryogenic callus (YFEC) could be proliferated on the same medium, which were maintained embryogenic capacity for 6 months over. Upon transfer to first regeneration and second regeneration medium, somatic embryos converted to plantlets at a frequency of approximately 100%. However, the expanded somatic embryos with abnormal morphology were slowly proliferated when subcultured on the same medium, and some of them were degenerated or converted to plantlets at a frequency of approximately 25%. Accordingly, The Heug Jeom Chal and HW3 genotype will be further used for development of high frequency transformation system in domestic maize germplasm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1612-1620
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• 2015

Inflammation is a complex process involving a variety of immune cells, which defend the body from harmful stimuli. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators can also exacerbate diseases such as cancer. Onion peel contains several phenolic compounds, including quercetin at an amount 20 times greater in peel than edible flesh. Therefore, in this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of onion peel ethanol extract (OPEE) were investigated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. In our results, NO production decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Secretion of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ was suppressed by 44%, 53%, and 60% respectively, at $100{\mu}g/mL$. Moreover, OPEE also suppressed expression of COX-2, iNOS, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and MAPKs in a dose-dependent manner. Formation of mice ear edema was reduced at the highest dose tested compared to the control, and reduction of ear thickness was observed in the histological analysis as well. In the acute toxicity test, no morality was observed in mice administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight of OPEE over a 2-week observation period. These results suggest that OPEE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and be a potential anti-inflammatory material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1333-1339
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• 2011

After mulberry (Morus alba) leaves were fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium by solid-state culture to enhance physiological activity, fermented mulberry leaves (MA-HE) was extracted by hot-water (MA-HEHW) and ethanol (MA-HE-E). MA-HE-HW showed enhanced mitogenic and intestinal immune system modulating activities (1.41 and 1.52 fold of saline control, respectively) compared to hot-water extracts of non-fermented mulberry leaves (MA-HW) and H. erinaceum mycelium (HE-HW) at $100\;{\mu}g$/mL. Meanwhile, when we tested the inhibitory effects of extracts on nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production, MA-HE-E significantly inhibited these pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (45.1, 41.3, 70.2, and 55.7% inhibition of LPS control at $1,000\;{\mu}g$/mL). In addition, MA-HE-HW and MA-HE-E did not show any cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells at $1,000\;{\mu}g$/mL whereas HE-E and MA-E indicated cytotoxicity (80.1 and 30.7% cell viability of saline control). These results suggest that mulberry leaves fermented with H. erinaceum by solid-state culture might have enhanced immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects compared to non-fermented mulberry leaves, resulting in ingredients biotransformed for fermentation with H. erinaceum mycelium.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.251-261
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• 2007

Bile acids and synthetic its derivatives induced apoptosis in various kinds of cancer cells and anticancer effects. Previous studies have been reported that the synthetic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) derivatives showed apoptosis inducing activity on various cancer cells in vitro. It wasn't discovered those materials have apoptosis induced effects on YD9 human oral squamous carcinoma cells. The present study was done to examine the synthetic bile acid derivatives(HS-1199, HS-1200) induced apoptosis on YD9 cells and such these apoptosis events. We administered them in culture to YD9 cells. Tested YD9 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation such as activation of caspase-3, degradation of DFF, production of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) cleavage(HS-1200 only), DNA degradation(HS-1200 only), nuclear condensation, inhibition of proteasome activity, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential(HS-1200 only) and the release of cytochrome c and AIF to cytosol. Between two synthetic CDCA derivatives, HS-1200 showed stronger apoptosis-inducing effect than HS-1199. Therefore HS-1200 was demonstrated to have the most efficient antitumor effect. Taken collectively, we demonstrated that a synthetic CDCA derivative HS-1200 induced caspases-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in human oral sqauamous carcinoma cells in vitro. Our data therefore provide the possibility that HS-1200 could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human orall squamous carcinoma from its poweful apoptosis-inducing activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Polyopes affinis ethanol extract (PAEE) was investigated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a croton oil-induced ICR mice model. Treatment with PAEE significantly reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$] in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. PAEE treatment also reduced expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the croton oil-induced ear edema test, application of PAEE (10~250 mg/kg body weight) reduced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner, and PAEE treatment at 50 mg/kg body weight showed similar inhibitory effects compared with prednisolone (10 mg/kg body weight). Histological analysis revealed reduced dermal thickness and lower number of infiltrated mast cells. These results suggest that PAEE might be used as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation and ear edema formation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.554-562
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• 2003

Xylitol has been used as sugar substitute to prevent dental caries. It is not fermented by most dental plaque bacteria and interferes with the growth of mutans streptococci. Therefore the production of acidic metabolites and the growth of mutans streptococci are inhibited. S. mutans strains which are inhibited to grow under the presence of xylitol are referred as xylitol-sensitive ($X^S$) strains. However, experimental and clinical studies have shown that there were mutated groups of S. mutans strains that are not affected by xylitol. They are referred as xylitol-resistant($X^R$) strains. The aim of the present study was to investigate that emergence of $X^R$ strain would effect on the anticariogenecity of xylitol by comparing the growth rate, the extracellular pH, hydroxyapatite adhesion and the agglutination of the $X^R/X^S$ strains. Overall we came out with following results : 1. No difference in the growth rate and the extracellular pH was found between the $X^S$ strain and the $X^R$ strain. 2. No difference in adhesion to hydroxyapatite surface was found between the $X^R$ strain and the $X^S$ strain (p>0.05) and adhesion of the $X^S$ strain was greater than that of $X^R$ strain in the sucrose-dependent adhesion to hydroxyapatite (p<0.05). 3. The $X^R$ strain was agglutinated in the lower concentration of saliva than that of $X^S$ strains.