• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.106-109
• /
• 2004

In-situ observational works had been done for the investigation of Cochlodinium polykrikoides cell distributions and abundances off the coast of Busan, Jinhae Bay, and Namhae to Tongyong area in the early June, 2004. The surface water of 11 was concentrated by passing through ${\Phi}$ 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$ mesh and cellular morphological characteristics of the species in the sample was observed under light microscope equipped with digital camera on the vessel. C. polykrikoides cells showed highest cell numbers ranging from 60 to 660 cells/1 at Jinhae Bay. Cell counts at offshore area of Busan ranged from 45 to 330 cells/1. However, no cell was found in the water between Namhae and Tongyong. C. polykrikoides found during the cruise had a large bright red and round cellular materials in one cell and two-celled chain of C. polykrikoides. The red material decreased as C. polykrikoides formed long chains through cell divisions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.169-175
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to assess the effect of the chlorine treatment into water for processing chicken products in each stage of slaughtering, with a special viewpoint related with reducing the viable number of microorganisms by which the water and the chicken body were contaminated. The mean bacterial number on chicken samples after picking process was log5.37$\pm$0.20~5.84$\pm$0.160CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$. When assessed by standard plate count method, it was the higher one than any other processing stage in which eviscerating, pinning, packaging, and chilling was followed in order of the mean bacterial number. The coliform bacterial numbers on carcasses after sampling from different processing stages were log2.11$\pm$0.63~2.88$\pm$0.25MPN/$\textrm{cm}^2, which show almost similar numbers in each processing stage. But, after chilling process the number was decreased slightly. The bacterial counts in the water for scalding and chilling showed log3.43 $\pm$ 0.59~5.06$\pm$0.21 and log4.30$\pm$0.21~6.62$\pm$0.33CFU/$m\ell$, respectively. In the coliform counts for the water taken out from the 2nd chilling tank, the number was log1.97$\pm$0.35~2.91$\pm$0.22MPN/$m\ell$ which showed higher than those of the 1st and the 3rd chilling tank water. The effect of chlorination in reducing the bacterial numbers was accepted at the residual chlorine concentration of 1$m\ell$/$\ell$by showing the reduction from $10^8$ to $10^4$CFU level and the numbers were decreased less than 10CFU at the concentration of 5mg/$\ell$, when assessed by viable cell counts. In conclusion, these results suggested that chlorination In chilling water with final concentration of 5mg/$\ell$was strongly recommended to reduce the bacterial numbers on final chicken products.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.1593-1597
• /
• 2006

We hope to evaluate the effects of Gami-Choakwiyeum (GCKY) on the PPAR-${\gamma}$’ in the OVA induced asthma mouse model. Female BALB/c mice, 8 weeks of age and free of murine specific pathogens were used. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of OVA emulsified in aluminum hydroxide in a total volume of 200 ${\mu}{\ell}$ on one day and 14 days. On 21, 22, and 23 days after the initial intraperitoneal injection of OVA, the mice were challenged using an ultrasonic nebulizer. GCKY was administered 7 times by oral gavage at 24 hour intervals fromdays 19 after intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Bronchoalveolar lavage was perfromed 72 hours after the last challenge, and total cell numbers in the BAL fluid were counted. Also, the level of PPAR-${\gamma}$ of normal and OVA-induced asthma moused with/without administration of GCKY were measured by Western blot analysis. For the histologic examination, the specimens were stained with hematoxylin 2 and eosin-Y.(H & E). Numbers of total cells were increased significantly at 72 h after OVA inhalation compared with numbers of total cells in the normal and the administration of GCKY. Especially, the increased numbers of eosinophils in BAL fluids after OVA inhalation were significantly increased. However, the numbers of eosinophils reduced by the administration of GCKY. Western blot analysis revealed that PPAR-${\gamma}$ levels in nuclear level were increased slightly after OVA inhalation compared with the levels in the normal group. After the administration of GCKY, PPAR-${\gamma}$ levels in cytosolic and nuclear levels at 72 h after OVA inhalation were markedly increased. On pathologic examination, there were many acute inflammatory cells around the alveoli, bronchioles, and airway lumen of mice with OVA-induced asthma compared with inflammatory cells in the normal group. However, acute inflammatory cells around alveoli, bronchioles, and airway lumen markedly decreased after administration of GCKY, GCKY can increase a PPAR-${\gamma}$ level and could be an effective treatment in asthma patients through the PPAR-${\gamma}$ mechanism for bronchial asthma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.442-451
• /
• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of transport stress on physiological and hematological responses and milk performance in lactating dairy cows. Methods: Ten lactating dairy cows were randomly divided into 2 groups. The treatment group (TG) was transported 200 km for 4 h by truck, and the control group (NTG) was restrained by stanchion for 4 h in Konkuk University farm. Blood and milk samples were collected at 24 h pre-transport; 1, 2, and 4 h during transport; and 2, 24, and 48 h post-transport. Milk yields were measured at 24 h pre-transport, 0 h during transport, and 24, 48, and 72 h post-transport. Results: Leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte numbers in the TG were significantly higher than those of the NTG at each experimental time point. Lymphocyte numbers in the TG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the NTG at 48 h post-transport. Additionally, the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio of the TG was 45% and 46% higher than that of the NTG at 4 h during transport and 2 h post-transport, respectively. There were no significant differences in erythrocyte numbers, hemoglobin concentrations, platelet numbers, and hematocrit percentages between two groups. Cortisol levels in the TG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the NTG. Milk yields in the TG were lower than those in the NTG. The somatic cell count (SCC) of the TG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the NTG at 1 and 2 h during transport; that of the TG increased dramatically at 1 h during transport and gradually decreased subsequently. Conclusion: Transport stress increased blood parameters including leucocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte numbers by increased cortisol levels, but did not affect erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Additionally, transport resulted in a decrease in milk yield and reduced milk quality owing to an increase in milk SCC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.12
• /
• pp.1681-1690
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a reported p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-${\alpha}$ (PFT-${\alpha}$), on preimplantation porcine in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryo development in culture. Treatment of PFT-${\alpha}$ was administered at both early (0 to 48 hpi), and later stages (48 to 168 hpi) of preimplantation development, and its impact upon the expression of five genes related to apoptosis (p53, bak, bcl-xL, p66Shc and caspase3), was assessed in resulting d 7 blastocysts, using real-time quantitative PCR. Total cell numbers, along with the number of apoptotic nuclei, as detected by the in situ cell death detection assay, were also calculated on d 7 in treated and non-treated control embryos. The results indicate that PFT-${\alpha}$, when administered at both early and later stages of porcine IVF embryo development, increases the incidence of apoptosis in resulting blastocysts. When administered at early cleavage stages, PFT-${\alpha}$ treatment was shown to reduce the developmental competence of porcine IVF embryos, as well as reducing the quality of resulting blastocysts in terms of overall cell numbers. In contrast, at later stages, PFT-${\alpha}$ administration resulted in marginally increased blastocyst development rates amongst treated embryos, but did not affect cell numbers. However, PFT-${\alpha}$ treatment induced apoptosis and apoptotic related gene expression, in all treated embryos, irrespective of the timing of treatment. Our results indicate that PFT-${\alpha}$ may severely compromise the developmental potential of porcine IVF embryos, and is a potent apoptotic agent when placed into porcine embryo culture media. Thus, caution should be exercised when using PFT-${\alpha}$ as a specific inhibitor of p53 mediated apoptosis, in the context of porcine IVF embryo culture systems.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.136-140
• /
• 1986

The change of cell counts of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish muscle by the storage time and temperature was examined to get basic informations for precautionary steps against food poisoning of slices of raw fish (sashimi). There fore, we inoculated fish homogenate of oceanic bonito (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata) with Kanagawa positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus and stored it at $30^{\circ}C,\;18^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C\;and\;-20^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The number of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus upon fish homogenate stored at $30^{\circ}C\;and\;18^{\circ}C$ decreased for the first two hours and increased thereafter. When the fish homogenates inoculated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at about $10^3$ per gram were stored at $18^{\circ}C\;and\;30^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, the cell numbers increased about 10 times and 1,000 times initial cell numbers, respectively. The survival rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was about $20\%$, when the inoculated fish homogenates were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Vibrio parahaemolyticus inoculated in fish homogenates was decreased by about $10\%$ of initial cell numbers by the storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours and it was decreased by about $50\%$ after 24 hours storage of the samples at the same temperature. The decreasing rate of inoculated Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fresh fish muscle homogenate was higher than that in frozen fish muscle homogenate during the storage time at a refrigerator.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 1987

To evaluate whether mast cells are involved in developing pathologic feature of psoriasis, 60 biopsy specimens of patients with psoriasis were analysed. They had not been treated for at least 1 week before skin biopsy. Histological findings in early and fully developed lesions and numbers of mast cells in their dermal papillae were investigated. The result were as follows : 1. In epidermal changes of psoriatic lesions, parakeratosis and acanthosis revealed different findings between early lesions and fully developed lesions. While early lesions revealed mounds of parakeratosis and mild to moderate acanthosis, fully developed lesions revealed confluent parakeratosis and moderate to severe acanthosis. In dermal changes of psoriatic lesions, papillomatosis revealed different findings between early developed lesions and fully developed lesions. While early lesions revealed normal to mode-rate papillomatosis, fully developed lesions revealed moderate to severe papillomatosis. 2 Degree of acanthosis is related to the degree of papillomatosis. The more increase in the degree of acanthosis, papillomatosis, and parakeratosis, mast cell numbers in dermal papillae were more increased. 3. Mast cell numbers in dermal papillae were more increased in fully developed lesions than early lesions. 4. These findings suggest that mast cell may play an active role in developing pathologic finding of psoriasis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.58 no.3
• /
• pp.11.1-11.6
• /
• 2016

Background: This study was investigated the effects of culture media conditions on production of eggs fertilized in vitro of embryos from ovaries of high grade Korean native cow, Hanwoo. Methods: The IVMD 101 and IVF 100 were used for in vitro maturation of selected Hanwoo oocytes and In vitro embryo culture after in vitro fertilization, respectively. The IVMD 101 and IVD 101 were used for in vitro culture and completely free of serum. Results: The cleavage rates of 2-cell embryos in reference to Hanwoo oocytes were 86.7, 92.9, and 90.1 % in the control group, IVDM101 medium and IVD101 medium, respectively which indicates that the IVDM101 medium and IVD101 medium may result favorable outcomes. The in vitro development rates of blastocysts were 12.4, 38.4 and 32.4 % in the control group, serum free IVMD101 medium and IVD101 medium, respectively. For hatched blastocysts, it was 5.3, 33.9, and 28.6 % in the control group, serum free IVMD101 medium and IVD101 medium, respectively. Hence, more favorable results were expected for the hatched blastocysts in which the IVMD101 medium and IVD101 medium were used than the control group. Average cell numbers of blastocysts were 128.3, 165.7, and 163.6 in the groups of TCM-199 + 10 % FBS medium, IVMD 101 medium, and IVD 101 medium, respectively which clearly show that the IVMD 101 and IVD 101 medium consequence significantly higher cell numbers compared to the control group (i.e., TCM-199 +10 % FBS medium). Pregnancy rate after embryo transfer was 39.6 % when the serum free medium was used which is higher than that of the medium supplemented with serum (32.8 %). In addition, stillbirth rates were 4.9 % in the group of serum free medium whereas it was 13.6 % in the serum supplemented medium (13.6 %). Conclusions: Taken altogether, serum free media, the IVMD 101 and IVD 101 represented more favorable results in the embryo development rate of embryos, cell numbers of blastocyst, and pregnancy rate. Of note, the IVMD 101 medium showed better outcomes hence, it might be a better option for future applications for in vitro culture of bovine embryos.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of type of culture media (BM, G2, OS, TCM, and MEM) on B6D2F1 mice oogenesis. In the present study, B6D2F1/CrljOri $F_1$ mice were utilized in order to maximize oogenesis. Also we used TCM-199, Dulbecco's medified Eagle's medium (DMEM), embryo culture medium (Fertilization medium, Cleavage medium, Blastocyst medium), G series medium and One step medium. In vitro maturation was highest in BM followed by the order of OS, MEM, TCM and G2 ($90{\pm}2.8%>88{\pm}3.2%>85{\pm}4.9%>78{\pm}10.2%>64{\pm}7.7%$, respectively). To note, the G2 group was statistically different compared to other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand the fertilization rate was highest in the G2 group followed by BM, OS, TCM, and MEM ($87{\pm}7.2%>85{\pm}6.9%>74{\pm}14.0%>71{\pm}13.8%>2{\pm}1.4%$, respectively). The MEM group was significantly lower compared to other groups (p<0.05). The developmental rate was highest in the OS group followed by the G2 group and the BM group albeit no statistical significance was noted ($73{\pm}11.6%>71{\pm}9.2%>66{\pm}10.4%$). Of note, all cells of the TCM and MEM groups were died during embryonic development. The zona hatched rate ($51{\pm}9.8%$ vs. $50{\pm}9.1%$ vs. $47{\pm}7.2%$ for BM, G2, and OS respectively) and attached rate ($45{\pm}12.3%$ vs. $38{\pm}16.1%$ vs. $37{\pm}11.5%$ for BM, G2, and OS respectively) were not different amongst groups. No difference was found in total cell numbers ($74{\pm}13.9$ vs. $64{\pm}9.2$ vs. $76{\pm}6.7$ for BM, G2, and OS respectively), ICM cell numbers ($20{\pm}1.9$ vs. $14{\pm}1.8$ vs. $15{\pm}2.1$), TE cell numbers ($55{\pm}12.5$ vs. $49{\pm}10.7$ vs. $61{\pm}5.9$), % ICM ($30{\pm}2.8%$ vs. $24{\pm}7.0%$ vs. $22.8{\pm}2.2%$) and ICM:TE ratio ($1:2{\pm}0.5$ vs. $1:3.1{\pm}0.8$ vs. $1:3.1{\pm}0.5$) amongst groups. In summary, these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 1996

This work has been carried out to examine the number of Total, ICM and TE cells of F1 mouse blastcysts at day 4 after IVF by differential labelling of the nuclei with polynucleotide-specific fluorochromes and to obtain a fundamental information of preimplantation mouse embryo development. Blastocysts produced by superovulated B6CBA F1(C57BL/${\times}$CBA) eggs were inseminated with $1{\times}10^6$spermatozoa/ml and cultured in M16 medium at $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 95hrs. Blastocysts were classified as early, middle, expanded and hatching stage according to the developmental morphology; blastocoel expansion and zona thickness. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows; 1) The development rate of blastocysts at 95hrs after IVF was 86.7% and classified blastocysts to early, middle, expanded and hatching were 16.3%, 18.9%, 10.5% and 40.9%, respectively. 2) The numbers of total blastomere using bisbenzimide in the classified blastocysts to early, middle, expanded and hatching were 35.6${\pm}$1O.4, 49.4${\pm}$8.6, 60.8${\pm}$1O.7 and 62.7${\pm}$13.9, respectively. 3) In ICM and TE cell number by using differential labelling with polynucleotide-specific fluorochrome in the classified blastocysts to early, middle, expanded and hatching; ICM numbers were 9.6${\pm}$3.0, 13.6${\pm}$3.9, 16.0${\pm}$3.3 and 19.5${\pm}$4.6, respectively and TE cell numbers were 30.6${\pm}$5.1, 39.9${\pm}$5.8, 42.2${\pm}$8.1 and 43.7${\pm}$11.1, respectively. These results showed the same increase pattern according to development advance level. Also, when compared with the results of total count were obtained between bisbenzimide only and differential labelling, both of them showed the same increase pattern according to development level and at the same time their cell numbers were almost the same. So, rapid and simple cell count method using differential labelling can be used for the examination of later preimplantation development or as an indicator of embryo quality according to the variables of culture conditions.