• KSBB Journal
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.82-90
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• 2015

Plant cell immobilization can protect plant cells from shear forces and increase the stability of gene. An additional advantage of immobilization is the easiness for performing continuous culture with cell recycling. Therefore plant cell immobilization can overcome the limitations of plant cell applications. In addition, target protein should be selected from pharmaceutical proteins to get rid of low expression level problem. The enhanced production of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) was investigated in immobilized Nicotiana tabacum suspension cell cultures. When the cells were immobilized in polyurethane foam, specific production of hGM-CSF was higher than that in alginate bead immobilization. Optimum continuous culture condition was the addition of 60 g/L sucrose in growth media with exchanging media every 6 day. Under the same condition, specific hGM-CSF production was 7 times higher in a 500-mL spinner flask than that in 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Therefore, development of an effective immobilization process would be possible when the advantage of easy cell recycling was used. Consequently, enhanced production of target proteins could be possible in immobilized continuous cultures when the advantages of immobilization were applied.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.112-123
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• 2022

Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) play an important role in water purification, and their application is beneficial for sustainable aquaculture. However, maintaining the microbial stability of PSB from subculturing to preservation is a challenging task. Since improvement in the microbial stability of PSB is a crucial parameter, optimized conditions for cell immobilization and lyophilization were investigated. In PSB immobilization, 0.1-M CaCl₂ was found to be the most effective divalent metal ion solution in terms of cost-effectiveness, resulting in beads with a 4-mm diameter and high loading (1.91×10⁹ CFU/mL) of viable cells. Maintenance of cell viability, external appearance, and color of PSB beads was best in 3.5% NaCl during storage. In lyophilization, the addition of skim milk (9%) and dextrose (2%) as cryoprotective additives allowed the highest cell viability. Over an 18-week shrimp breeding period, when optimally manufactured beads and lyophilized powder of PSB were applied to shrimp aquaculture water, NH⁴⁺, NO₃^-, and NO₂^- were more effectively removed by 55%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, compared to controls. Thus, microbial stability of PSB through optimized cell immobilization and lyophilization was successfully enhanced, enabling a wide application.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.139-147
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• 2003

Coater runnability of the paper coating and final product properties can be affected by the immobilization of coating color and the dewatering into the base paper. During the dewatering, the rheological properties and solids content of a coating are dramatically changed. For the purpose of obtaining better coater runnability and high quality of coater paper many papermakers are trying to improve the water retention of paper coatings by using some additives such as thickener and co-binder. In this study, we tried to investigate the rheological properties and the immobilization point of coatings with immobilization cell during the dewatering of coatings.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.85-105
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• 2005

Purpose : Investigate the effects of Chungganhaewooltang(CHT) on immobilization-stress or cold-stress in C576BL/6J mice. Methods : Male C57BL/6J 30 mice of weighting 18${\pm}$2g, were divided into sixs groups including the immobilization-stress group(5heads), after immobilization-stress CHT oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads), cold-stress group(5heads) and after cold-stress CHT oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads). then we observed changes in the serum histamine and corticosterone level and changes immune system Results : Immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone. CHT decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by cold-stress. CHT inhibited the release of histamine from mast cells at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. In addition, immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the cell viability of murine thymocytes and splenocytes. CHT increased the cell viability of thymocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but did not affect the cell viability of splenocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Also immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes and splenocytes. CHT decreased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but did not affect DNA fragmentation of splenocytes increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress increased the population of thymic $CD4^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of thymic $CD4^+$ cells increased by immobolization-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the population of $B220^+$ cells and increased the population of $thy1^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of $thy1^+$ cells increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased the population of splenic $CD4^+$ cells and $CD8^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of splenic $CD4^+$ cells increased by immobolization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$(IFN) interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-4. CHT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-IFN$ decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress but did not affect the production of IL-2 and IL-4 decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Furthermore, Immobilization- stress or cold-stress decreased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and the production of nitric oxide. CHT enhanced the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production decreased by cold-stress. Conclusion : CHT may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of immune response.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.94-110
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Kamikwibitang water extract (KKT) on immobilization stress in C57BL/6J mice. KKT decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by immobilization stress. In addition, KKT decreased the cell viability of thymocytes and enhanced the cell viability of splenocytes decreased by immobilization stress. Also, KKT decreased the viability of thymocytes and splenocytes in vitro. KKT decreased DNA fragmentation of splenocytes increased by immobilization stress. KKT decreased the population of thymic $CD4^+CD8^-$ cells increased by immobilization stress, and did not affect the population of $B220^+$ cells and the population of $Thy1^+$ cells changed by immobilization stress and enhanced the population of splenic $CD4^-CD8^+$ cells increased by immobilization stress. KKT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$ and did not affect the production of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 decreased by immobilization stress. Also, KKT decreased the phagocytic activity and the level of nitric oxide decreased by immobilization stress. These results indicate that KKT may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of specific-immune response.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1208-1216
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• 2003

Stress is known to influence the immune function via an effect on the central nervous system. To investigated the effects of Kwibitang water extract (KBT) on the specific immune response in C57BL/6 mice stressed by immobilization, we evaluated the changes in the cell viability, DNA fragmentation and subpopulation of thymocytes and splenocytes. KBT enhanced the cell viability of thymocytes and splenocytes decreased by immobilization stress. Also, KBT decreased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes and splenocytes increased by immobilization stress. KBT decreased the population of CD4/sup +/ cells and CD8/sup +/ cells in thymocytes and Thy1/sup +/ cells in splenocytes increased by immobolization stress, but increased the population of B220/sup +/ cells decreased by immobilization stress. In addition, KBT enhanced the production of ν-interferon and IL-2 decreased by immobilization stress. These results indicate that KBT may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via enhancement of the specific immune response

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1317-1322
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• 2005

This work describes neo-fructooligosaccharides (neo-FOSs) production using the immobilized mycelia of Penicillium citrinum. Some critical factors were evaluated to optimize maximal production of neo-FOS. Optimal alginate and cell concentrations were determined to be $1.96\%$ alginate and $7.17\%$ cell, respectively, by statistical analysis. The optimal concentration of $CaCl_{2}$, which is related to bead stability, was determined to be 2 M. It was possible to increase the neo-FOS production by adding 15 units of glucose oxidase to the batch reaction. By co-immobilizing cells and glucose oxidase, neoFOS productivity increased $123\%$ compared with the whole-cell immobilization process. Based on the results above, a co-immobilization technique was developed and it can be utilized for large-scale production.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2003

The microbial immobilization media with curdlan and activated carbon which has great immobilization capacity has been developed. Characteristics of porosity and mechanical strength of this support media are dependent on manufacturing method. The support media showed the best cell immobilization performance when the ratio of curdlan and activated carbon was 30 g/L to 6 g/L in this study. The immobilization of iron-oxidizing bacteria on the supporting particles was photographed with a scanning electron microscope. Since cell concentration on the surface of supporting particle increased with the reaction time, the iron oxidation rate also increased.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.93-116
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• 2006

Purpose : This study is to examine the effects of Hwaganjeon water extract(HGJ) on immobilization-stress or cold-stress in BALB/C mice. Methods : We have Hwaganjeon water extract(HGJ) by freeze-dryer & melt it by a saline solution. We feed HGJ 500mg/Kg to 5mice, and add immobilization-stress by putting mice in plastic cylinder 10 hours, and add cold-stress by putting mice in $4^{\circ}C$ cold room 6 hours. Results : 1. HGJ decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. HGJ inhibited the release of histamine from mast cells at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. 2. HGJ did not affect the cell viability of thymocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but increased the cell viability of splenocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. 3. HGJ decreased the population of splenic $CD4^{+}$ and $CD8^{+}$cells increased by immobolization-stress or cold-stress. 4. HGJ enhanced the production of ${\gamma}$-interferon(IFN) and interleukin(IL)-2 decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Conclusion : These results indicate that HGJ may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of immune response.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 1999

Since the condition of immobilization must be optimized, it is very important to know whether and on how conditions bacterial cells retain their metabolic activity during immobilization process. A bioluminescence intensity had the maximum value when cell concentrations were between 1.0 and 1.2 measured at O.D660. The strontium alginate was used as an immobilization matrix and two independent factors for immobilization of Photobacterium phosphoreum with strontium alginate were optimized with the response surface methodology(RSM) considering degree of bioluminescence. As a result, the optimum concentration for immobilization was found to be 2.4%(w/w) for sodium alginate and 0.31M for strontium chloride, respectively. A dilution was carried out with 2.5%(w/v) NaCl solution that is an optimum environmental condition for growth of P. phosphoreum. Under the such condition of immobilization, hardness could be predicted as 4.66$\times$104N/$m^2$ and it took different time according to the volume of matrix to be immobilized completely.