• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.81-97
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• 2007

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Cnidii Rhizoma herbal-acupuncture solution(CR-HAS) at Joksamni($ST_{36}$) on arthritis induced by Collagen II in mice. Methods : The author performed several experimental items. The severity of arthritis, changes of mouse weight, size of the spleen and the degree of stenosis, changes of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II, changes of immunocyte count, histological changes of the CIA mouse joint were analyzed. Results: 1. In the CR-HA, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, the degree of joint edema was significantly decreased. 2. In the CR-HA, weight, spleen size and stenosis rate was low and maintained as the normal group was. 3. In the CR-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the CR-HA, on changes of immunocyte count were maintained to the levels of normal group. 5. In histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that CR-HA at the $ST_{36}$ has an important role to control the immune reactions and suppress inflammatory response on the collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis. This study can be a significant supporting evidence that CR-HA will be chosen to be the principal therapy for clinical practice of the rheumatoid arthritis in the future.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a memory efficient multi-rate Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) decoder for China Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting (CMMB). We find the best trade-off between the performance and the circuit area by designing a partially parallel decoder which is capable of passing multiple messages in parallel. By designing an efficient address generation unit (AGU) with an index matrix, we could reduce both the amount of memory requirement and the complexity of computation. The proposed regular LDPC decoder was designed in Verilog HDL and was synthesized by Synopsys' Design Compiler using Chartered $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS cell library. The synthesized design has the gate size of 455K (in NAND2). For the two code rates supported by CMMB, the rate-1/2 decoder has a throughput of 14.32 Mbps, and the rate-3/4 decoder has a throughput of 26.97 Mbps. Compared with a conventional LDPC for CMMB, our proposed design requires only 0.39% of the memory.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.179-204
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• 2007

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Angelicae Radix Pharmacopuncture(AR-P) at Joksamni(ST36) on collagen II induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. The authors evaluated arthritis index, arthritis incidence and joint edema, and measured body weight, spleen size and stenosis rate, serum cytokine level, serum antibody level, immune cell populations In spleen, lymph node, and knee joint, and performed histological analysis of CIA mouse joint. Results : In the AR-P group, arthritis index, arthritis incidence and joint edema were decreased, and the enlargement, malformation and stenosis of spleen and the malformation of joint appeared milder than the control group. In AR-P group, the levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in serum were significantly decreased. And the level of anti-collagen II in serum was maintained lower in AR-P group than in the control group. In AR-P group, the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-10, and $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-4$ ratio were significantly decreased, and the ratios of $CD3e^+$ cells to $CD45^+$ cells, $CD4^+$ cells to $CD8^+$ cells in spleen were similarly maintained as those of the normal group. In the AR-P group, the populations of $CD4^+/CD25^+$ cells in spleen and lymph nodes, $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ cells in lymph nodes, $CD3^+/CD69^+$ cells and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in knee joint were decreased. In the histological analysis, the cartilage destruction, synovial cell proliferation and the collagen fiber destruction were decreased in the AR-P group Conclusions : The results suggest that AR-P at right ST36 has a therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis in mice.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

A drilling exploration in deep sea is being processed to develop new energy resource in the world. In 2007, the presence of the gas hydrate had been confirmed during the UBGH1 (Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition 1) in the Ulleung Basin. Geotechnical properties of the deep marine sediment are important factors for assessing the safety of gas production facility and productivity from the hydrate bearing sediment. In this study, comprehensive laboratory tests are conducted to investigate the geotechnical engineering characteristics of the deep marine sediments recovered from the hydrate occurrence regions during the UBGH2 (Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition 2) in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Korea. The index properties of the specimens including the specific gravity, atterberg limits, specific surface, and particle size distribution are measured, and these are compared to the results reported by previous studies. A zero-lateral strain cell, which houses bender elements, is used to determine stress-dependant characteristics and shear wave velocities with the vertical effective stresses. Furthermore, the hydraulic conductivity is calculated based on the consolidation test results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.306-310
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• 2005

The comparison in release rate constant and properties of extracts from extruded raw ginseng and extruded white ginseng was conducted to apply extrusion process for manufacturing of released ginseng tea bag. Dry raw ginseng and white ginseng powder were extruded at 20∼30% moisture content and 200∼300 rpm by using an experimental twin-screw extruder. Browness and redness (both indicated the releasing of saponin and ginsenosides) were increased with the increase in the screw speed and the decrease of moisture content. Crude saponin and water solubility index (WSI) of both ginseng also share the same behaviour against the level of screw speed and moisture content, as well as browness and redness. The particle size effects of extruded raw ginseng at 20% and 28% moisture content on absorbance of released extract at 260 up to 560 nm, WSI, and water absorption index were determined. While particle size decreased from 800∼1000 nm to 200∼500 nm, absorbance and WSI are decreased. Absorbance and WSI shown increasing level while moisture content was decreased. In conclusion, the formation of pores by expansion and disruption of cell wall in extrusion cooking were obviously responsible to increase the amount of released extract of extruded ginseng and its WSI as well. The extrusion process turns out be the efficient process for manufacturing of commercial ginseng tea product than those of other thermal processes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.560-567
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• 1991

Photosynthetic variation in field grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv Hodgson78］ was studied in relation to leaf anatomical variation. Variations in mesophyll morphology were accentuated by manipulating source and sink size. At R3 stage, two treatments were started: one was thinning and continu-ous debranching(6. 5 plants rather than 26 plants per m of row and remaining plants were debranched weekly), and the other was continuous partial depodding (allowing only one pod to develop at each mainstem node). Gas exchange characteristics, mesophyll cell volume and surface area per unit leaf surface, and microclimatic parameters were measured on the intact terminal leaflet at the 10th node. Observations were made 5 times with 3 to 4 day intervals starting R4 stage. Two models were used to compute leaf photosynthetic rates: one considered no effect of mesophyll morphology on photosynthesis, and the other considered potential effects of variations in mesophyll cell volume and surface area on diffusion and biochemical processes. Seventy nine percent of total photosynthetic variations observed in the experiment was explained by the latter, while 69% of the same variations was explained by the former model. By incorporating the mesophyll morphology concept, the predictability was improved by 14.6% in the field condition. Additional Index Words: photosynthesis model, leaf anatomy, Glycine max (L.) Merr., mesophyll surface area, mesophyll cell volume.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of proliferation factors, Ki67 and PCNA, as prognostic markers predicting the survival and neck metastasis in patients with oral cancer. Methods: 101 patients with HNSCCs, were followed retrospectively for a median period of 60 months(from 16 to 82 months). All tumors were resected surgically and examined by conventional light microscopy, immunohistochemistry. The age, sex, tumor location, clinical stage(size), metastasis, proliferative activity index(assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and Ki67 immunoreactivity) were considered as potential prognostic factors and were correlated with patient survival. Results: Ki67 staining results ranged from 5% to 80% of tumor cell nuclei, with a median of 25%. PCNA staining results ranged from 1% to 90% with a median of 50%. With a cut-off point of 25%, patients with lower Ki67 scores showed survival advantages over those with higher Ki67 scores (p=0.0089). With cut-off point of 50%, patients with lower PCNA scores showed survival advantages over those with higher PCNA scores (p=0.0104). Pathologically neck node positive patients(n=27) showed higher PCNA expression(p=0.02) than pathologically negative neck node patients(n=39). Conclusions: The lower expressions of Ki67 and PCNA were associated with favorable prognosis such as higher survival rate and lower neck node metastasis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.611-633
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• 2024

This study intends to investigate the response of multi-cell (MC) beams to flexural loads in which the primary reinforcement is composed of both metallic and non-metallic materials. "Multi-cell" describes beam sections with multiple longitudinal voids separated by thin webs. Seven reinforced concrete MC beams measuring 300×200×1800 mm were tested under flexural loadings until failure. Two series of beams are formed, depending on the type of main reinforcement that is being used. A control RC beam with no openings and six MC beams are found in these two series. Series one and two are reinforced with metallic and non-metallic main reinforcement, respectively, in order to maintain a constant reinforcement ratio. The first crack, ultimate load, deflection, ductility index, energy absorption, strain characteristics, crack pattern, and failure mode were among the structural parameters of the beams under investigation that were documented. The primary variables that vary are the kind of reinforcing materials that are utilized, as well as the kind and quantity of mesh layers. The outcomes of this study that looked at the experimental and numerical performance of ferrocement reinforced concrete MC beams are presented in this article. Nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) was performed with ANSYS-16.0 software to demonstrate the behavior of composite MC beams with holes. A parametric study is also carried out to investigate the factors, such as opening size, that can most strongly affect the mechanical behavior of the suggested model. The experimental and numerical results obtained demonstrate that the FE simulations generated an acceptable degree of experimental value estimation. It's also important to demonstrate that, when compared to the control beam, the MC beam reinforced with geogrid mesh (MCGB) decreases its strength capacity by a maximum of 73.33%. In contrast, the minimum strength reduction value of 16.71% is observed in the MC beams reinforced with carbon reinforcing bars (MCCR). The findings of the experiments on MC beams with openings demonstrate that the presence of openings has a significant impact on the behavior of the beams, as there is a decrease in both the ultimate load and maximum deflection.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2011

Digestibility index of 12 phytoplankton species were invested during the larval development sizes. Ingestible size of phytoplankton varied depending on larval sizes: Isochrysis galbana, I. aff. galbana, Pavlova lutheri, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Nannochloris oculata was ingested 94.2-99.7% all larval sizes. Cheatoceros calcitrans, C. gracilis and C. simplex could ingest over 90.0% after umbo stage (mean shell length $189.3{\pm}13.8{\mu}m$). Phaeodactylum triconutum, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tetraselmis tetrathele could not ingested D-shaped larvae (shell length $65.0-100.0{\mu}m$) but ingested 97.3-99.7%, 43.3-99.3%, 48.5-99.3% after then larval stages, respectively. But Thalassiosira weissflogii was ingested 1.0-1.7% only at full grown stage. Over 50.0% ingestion cell size was D-shape stage larvae with smaller than mean $102.3{\mu}m$ in shell length could ingest phytoplankton with $4.6{\mu}m$ in both major and minor axis and up to $9.3{\mu}m$ in minor axis basis for larger than mean $158.3{\mu}m$ in shell length, respectively. At all larval stages, phytoplankton with larger than $10.0{\mu}m$ in both major and minor axis could not be ingested.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.103-118
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• 2012

In this study, the cellular protective effect of isoquercitrin against $H_2O_2$ and rose bengal-indued HaCaT cell damage was investigated. The ethosome and elastic liposome for enhanced transdermal delivery were prepared. Particle size, loading efficiency and cumulative permeated amounts of them were evaluated. Isoquercitrin didn't show any characteristic cytotoxicity at 50 ${\mu}M$. When HaCaT cells were treated with 5 mM $H_2O_2$ and 25 ${\mu}M$ rose bengal, isoquercitrin protected the cells against the oxidative damage in a concentration dependent manner (6.25 ~ 50 ${\mu}M$). The size of 0.03 % isoquercitrin loaded ethosome was 222.85 nm and the loading efficiency was 82.26 %. The ethosome loaded with 0.03 % isoquercitrin was stable and maintained the constant particle size for 2 weeks after being prepared. The ethosome exhibited more enhanced skin permeability than general liposome and ethanol solution. The optimal ratio of lipid to surfactant of 0.1 % isoquercitrin loaded elastic liposomes was observed to be 89 : 5 through evaluating particle size (341.2 nm), deformability index (59.89), loading efficiency (54.3 %), and skin permeability (54.4 %).