• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.51-66
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• 2005

Purpose : Investigate the effects of Haeganjeon water extract (HGJ) on immobilization-stress or cold-stress in C57BL/6J mice. Methods : Male C57BL/6J 30 mice of weighting 18${\pm}$2g, were divided into sixs groups including the immobilization-stress group(5heads), after immobilization-stress HGJ oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads), cold-stress group(5heads) and after cold-stress HGJ oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads). then we observed changes in the serum histamine and corticosterone level and changes immune system. Results : HGJ decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. HGJ inhibited the release of histamine from mast cells. In addition, HGJ enhanced the cell viability of thymocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress and decreased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes increased by immobilization- stress or cold-stress. Also, HGJ increased the cell viability of splenocytes decreased by cold-stress and decreased DNA fragmentation of splenocytes increased by cold-stress. HGJ decreased the population of thymic CD4+ cells increased by immobolization-stress. HGJ increased the population of B220+ cells decreased by immobilization-stress and decreased the population of Thy1+ cells increased by immobilization-stress. Also, HGJ decreased the population of splenic CD4+ cells increased by immobolization-stress. HGJ enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$ decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress and increased the production of interleukin-4 decreased by immobilization-stress. Furthermore, HGJ enhanced the phagocytic activity decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress and enhanced the level of nitric oxide decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Conclusion : HGJ may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of immune response.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1250-1256
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• 2011

In this study, Bacillus licheniformis cells were immobilized by entrapment in calcium alginate beads and were used for production of alkaline protease by repeated batch process. In order to increase the stability of the beads, the immobilization procedure was optimized by statistical full factorial method, by which three factors including alginate type, calcium chloride concentration, and agitation speed were studied. Optimization of the enzyme production medium, by the Taguchi method, was also studied. The obtained results showed that optimization of the cell immobilization procedure and medium constituents significantly enhanced the production of alkaline protease. In comparison with the free-cell culture in pre-optimized medium, about 7.3-fold higher productivity was resulted after optimization of the overall procedure. Repeated batch mode of operation, using optimized conditions, resulted in continuous production of the alkaline protease for 13 batches in 19 days.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.308-312
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• 1995

주목 (Taxus cuspidata) 세포배양을 이용하여 modified B5 배지중의 질소원, 인산 그리고 세포 고정화가 세포생장과 taxol 생산에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. Nitrate와 ammonium의 비는 세포생장 및 taxol 생산에 있어 중요한 인자임을 알수 있었고 비값이 1인 경우는 modified B5 배지 조성중 원래 비값인 20에 비해 taxol 생산을 10배나 증가시켰다. 인산의 농도를 감소시킨 경우 세포생장은 저하되었지만 taxol 생산은 현저하게 증가하였다. 고정화세포는 ${\sim}120\;g/l$의 taxol을 생산하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.111-123
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of repeated immobilization-stress challenge on the the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the genomic transcriptome in the adrenal cortex of immobilization-stressed mouse was analyzed by using a cDNA microarray. Mice were subjected to immobilization stress for 2 h per day for 5 consecutive d. With a 4.0-fold cutoff of arbitrary criteria, the expression levels of 168 out of 41,174 genes were significantly modulated in the adrenal cortex by stress when comparing the control and experimental groups. These genes were related to apoptosis, cell cycle, immune response, inflammatory responses, and signal transduction, and thus may be used as potential targets for the development of therapeutics for chronic stress or depression. Six significant genes among these were selected for real time polymerase chain reaction analysis to confirm the change of their expression levels. The gene for phospho 1 was also further investigated because its expression showed the greatest fold-change.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2010

Lactic acid (LA) fermentation by Lactobacillus salivarius ATCC 11741 immobilized on loofa sponge (LS) was evaluated. To increase the surface area of LS for cell immobilization, $H_2O_2$ and chitosan were introduced as surface modifying reagents. Four chitosans of different molecular weights were separately coated on LS. All experiments were conducted in shaking flask mode at 100 rpm rotating speed and $37^{\circ}C$ with 5% $CaCO_3$ as a pH regulating agent. The effects of initial glucose concentration were investigated in the range of 20-100 g/l on LA fermentation by free cells. The results indicate that the maximum concentration of LA was produced with 50 g/l glucose concentration. The immobilized cell system produced 1.5 times higher concentration than free cells for 24 h of fermentation. Moreover, immobilized cells can shorten the fermentation time by 2-fold compared with free cells at the same level of LA concentration. At 1% (w/v) chitosan in 2% (v/v) acetic acid, the Yp/s and productivities of various molecular weights of chitosans were insignificantly different. Repeated batch fermentations showed 5 effective recycles with Yp/s and productivity in the range of 0.55-0.85 and 0.90-1.20 g/l.h, respectively. It is evident that immobilization of L. salivarius onto LS permits reuse of the system under these fermentation conditions. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that there were more intact cells on the chitosan-treated LS than on the untreated LS, thus confirming the effectiveness of the LS-chitosan combination when being utilized as a promising immobilization carrier for LA fermentation.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Objective : Soybeans of Canavalia gladiata(CG) and root of Arctium lappa(AL) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect. However, the immunoregulatory mechanisms of its combinational prescription remain a matter of considerable debate. In the current study, we investigated whether CG and AL and its combinational prescription(CG+AL) regulate immune system using chronic immobilization-stress mouse model. Methods : C57BL/6J mice fixed for 2 hours into immobilization tube after CG, AL, CG+AL oral administration after 2 hours daily for 21 days. After every experiment has ended the C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed on 22 days. The production of Serotonin and Cortisol, lgA were observed by ELISA method, The proportion of immune cells such as T/B cell and macrophage, NK cell were measured by FACS. Then, Real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a) and T cell activation cytokines(IL-2, IL-10, IFN-gamma, IL-12p35 / p40). Result : When chronic immobilization-stress mouse model were treated with CG+AL(1:4), the expression of mRNA were significantly decreased at the Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a). While, the levels of mRNA were significantly increased at immune T cell activation cytokines. Additionally, CG+AL(1:4) combinational prescription group enhanced immune cells such as T/B cell and macrophage, NK cell. Furthermore, the Immuno-fluorescence result of brain tissue can confirm that CG+AL(1:4) group significantly increased the BDNF expression. Conclusion : These result suggest that CG+AL(1:4) combinational prescription has Immune System enhancement via stress-mediated immunocyte.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1132-1136
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• 2012

많은 종류의 세포스트레스는 unfolded protein response (UPR)관련인자의 유전자발현을 조절한다. 본 연구결과 부동스트레스(immobilization stress)는 세포의 소포체스트레스(ER stress)와 관련된 유전자발현의 변화를 유도한다; Heart, spleen, thymus, kidney, testis에서는 유전자발현 변화가 없었지만 adrenal gland, liver, lung에서는 유의할만한 상승변화가 있었다. 그러나 muscle에서는 다른 것들과 대조적으로 발현이 감소되었다. 이 결과는 부동스트레스도 다른 종류의 세포스트레스와 같이 세포수준에서 UPR을 조절할 수 있다는 최초의 보고이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1803-1808
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• 2008

For practical application, the stability of permeabilized Ochrobactrum anthropi SY509 needs to be increased, as its half-life of enzymatic denitrification is only 90 days. As the cells become viable after permeabilization treatment, this can cause decreased activity in a long-term operation and induce breakage of the immobilization matrix. However, the organic solvent concentration causing zero cell viability was 50%, which is too high for industrial application. Thus, whole-cell immobilization using glutaraldehyde was performed, and 0.1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde was determined as the optimum concentration to maintain activity and increase the half-life. It was also found that 0.1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde reacted with 41.9% of the total amine residues on the surface of the cells during the treatment. As a result, the half-life of the permeabilized cells was increased from 90 to 210 days by glutaraldehyde treatment after permeabilization, and no cell viability was detected.

• 약학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.365-371
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• 1989

Microbiological conversion of sterols to 17-ketosteroids has been recognized as a source for commercial preparation of steroidal drugs. In order to develop bacterial strains and process with Brevibacterium lipolyticum IAM 1398 capable of converting cholesterol to 1,4-Androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) at about 27% yield, we studied on strain improvement, fermentation condition and whole cell immobilization. By using UV and/or NTG as mutagens, a mutant to convert cholesterol to ADD with higher yield than 60% was selected. Better production of ADD was manifested in the case of maltose used as a supplemental carbon source, and yeast extract or soytone as a nitrogen source. Addition of tween 80 (0.05%) as a surfactant beneficial for increasing the productivity. The optimal initial pH of the medium was 6.5 and optimal culture temperature was $30^{\circ}C$. Whole cell immobilization by using carrageenan, agar, alginate and acrylamide was carried out and the activity of conversion was tested. In the case of carrageenan and agar, immobilized cells were active for at least two cycles of fermentation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 1994

We fed high trypotophan diet(3.5% tryptophan/diet(w/w) to mice for 7 days and treated then with 3 hour immobilization(IMMB) stress to investigate tryptophan metabolism and immunomodulation. The levels of serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan, serotonin(5HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5HIAA) in the tryptophan diet fed animals were higher than those of the normal diet fed animals. Feeding tryptophan supplemented diet to stressed animal significantly decreased the levels of serum and brain tryptophan and 5HT levels. However, the amount of 5HIAA which is the metabolite of serotonin was increased in brain. Plasma corticosterone level was increased by the stress in both groups but the degree of this increase was smaller in high tryptophan fed animals. The relative numbers of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and B cells in spleen were decreased in high tryptophan diet fed and stressed animals compared to control diet fed and no stressed animals. CD8+ T cells decreased more than CD4+ T cells. The decrease of CD8+ T cells in high tryptophan fed and stressed animals was similar to that in high tryptophan fed animals or normal diet fed and stressed animals. Stress and tryptophan supplement acted synergistically to decrease the number of B cells. This study suggests that stress and tryptophan supplement could modify the number of lymphocyte cells, and indicates that the interaction of stress and tryptophan supplement on immune fuction depends on the types of immune cells.