• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1000-1010
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the comparison of immunomodualtory effects of water-extracted Aconiti lateralis Preparata Radix(PR), Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR), Cinnamomi Cortex(CC) and Evodiae Fructus(EF). The parameter examined to assess apparent immunomodulatory effect of the water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF included the regulation of Nitric oxide (NO). Also, ZR and EF represent the expression of Th1/Th2 type cytokine, the change of B cell phenotype. The water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In the Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression, the water-extracted ZR and EF induced IL-2, IFNr and IL-10 mRNA gene expression. Therefore, it seems that the water-extracted ZR and EF have a inducing effect of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines. In the Flow cytometry analysis, the water-extracted ZR and EF changed B cell phenotype (CD45R/B220), did NOT in PR and CC. The water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF have a reducing effect of immune suppression cause by Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of the water-extracted ZR and EF may be, in part, associated with the inducing IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression In and regulation of NO production in macrophage cells.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.8.2-8.2
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• 2009

구리(Cu)-인듐(In)-갈륨(Ga)-셀레늄(Se)의 4 원소 화합물 반도체인 Cu(InGa)$Se_2$ (CIGS) 태양전지 세계 최고 셀효율은 2008년 현재 19.9% 로서 박막형 태양전지 중 가장 높은 효율을 보이고 있다. 이는 다결정(폴리) 실리콘 태양전지의 20.3%와 대등한 수준이다. 이 CIGS 태양전지는 제조단가를 표준 결정형 실리콘 태양전지 대비 50% 대로 획기적으로 낮출 수 있어 가장 경쟁력이 있는 차세대 재료로 꼽히고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CIGS태양전지를 고진공 물리 증작법으로 제작하였으며 표면과 박막의 순도를 외부오염을 방지하기 위하여 후면전극, 광흡수체 및 전면전극을 동일 진공에서 제작할 수 있는 멀티 챔버 클러스터 증착 시스템을 이용하였다. 기판으로 소다라 임유리, 후면전극으로 Mo, 전면전극으로 I-ZnO/Al:ZnO 및 ITO를 이용하였다. 버퍼층으로 CdS를 chemical bath deposition (CBD)를 이용하였다. 소자는 무반사막을 사용하지 않고 Al/Ni전극 그리드를 이용하였다. 이 소자로부터 0.22 $cm^2$에서 16%의 효율을 얻었다. 각 박막층 간 계면의 분석을 전기적인 특성, ellisometry에 의한 광특성, 표면과 결정성에 대한 SEM 및 XRD의 특성을 보고한다. 또한, 대표적 화합물 반도체 박막 태양전지인 CIGS 태양전지의 기술의 현황, 학문적인 과제 및 실용화의 문제점을 발표하기로 한다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2005

A soluble Cr(VI) reductase was purified from the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli ATCC 33456. The molecular mass was estimated to be 84 and 42 kDa by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, indicating a dimeric structure. The pI was 4.66, and optimal enzyme activity was obtained at pH 6.5 and $37^{\circ}C$. The most stable condition existed at pH 7.0. The purified enzyme used both NADPH and NADH as electron donors for Cr(VI) reduction, while NADPH was the better, conferring 61% higher activity than NADH. The $K_m$ values for NADPH and NADH were determined to be 47.5 and 17.2 umol, and the $V_max$ values 322.2 and 130.7 umol Cr(VI) $min^{-1}mg^{-1}$ protein, respectively. The activity was strongly inhibited by N-ethylmalemide, $Ag^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;Hg^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$. The antibody against the enzyme showed no immunological cross reaction with those of other Cr(VI) reducing strains.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2009

Purpose: We assessed the absorbed dose to the tumor ($Dose_{tumor}$) by using pretreatment FDG-PET and whole-body (WB) planar images in repeated radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with $^{131}I$ rituximab for NHL. Materials and Methods: Patients with NHL (n=4) were administered a therapeutic dose of $^{131}I$ rituximab. Serial WB planar images alter RIT were acquired and overlaid to the coronal maximum intensity projection (MIP) PET image before RIT. On registered MIP PET and WB planar images, 2D-ROls were drawn on the region of tumor (n=7) and left medial thigh as background, and $Dose_{tumor}$ was calculated. The correlation between $Dose_{tumor}$ and the CT-based tumor volume change alter RIT was analyzed. The differences of $Dose_{tumor}$ and the tumor volume change according to the number of RIT were also assessed. Results: The values of absorbed dose were $397.7{\pm}646.2cGy$ ($53.0{\sim}2853.0cGy$). The values of CT-based tumor volume were $11.3{\pm}9.1\;cc$ ($2.9{\sim}34.2cc$), and the % changes of tumor volume before and alter RIT were $-29.8{\pm}44.3%$ ($-100.0%{\sim}+42.5%$), respectively. $Dose_{tumor}$ and the tumor volume change did not show the linear relationship (p>0.05). $Dose_{tumor}$ and the tumor volume change did not correlate with the number of repeated administration (p>0.05). Conclusion: We could determine the position and contour of viable tumor by MIP PET image. And, registration of PET and gamma camera images was possible to estimate the quantitative values of absorbed dose to tumor.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2000

The binding mode of anthryl derivatives to synthetic polynucleotides were investigated by various spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic properties of anthracence with metbylamine and methylethylenediamine side chains, complexed with $poly[d(A-T)_2]$ and $poly[d(G-C)_2]$, can be summarized as a red-shift, with a strong hypochromism in the absortion spectrum, similar induced CD spectra, and a strong negative LD spectrum with an $LD^r$ magnitude comparable to the DNA absorption region. These observations indicate that anthracene moiety is intercalated between the nucleo-bases of $poly[d(A-T)_2]$ and $poly[d(G-C)_2]$. The side chains did not alter the spectroscopic properties, demonstrating that the binding mode was not affected by them. A strong energy transfer was observed from poly[d(A-T),] and $poly[d(I-C)_2]$ but not from $poly[d(G-C)_2]$, as reported by Kumar et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.(1993) 115, 8547). Since the binding mode is the same for all the polynucleotides, the amine group of the guanine base, which protrudes into the minor groove of $poly[d(G-C)_2]$, is concluded to disrupt the energy transfer.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1140-1146
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the comparison of immunomodualtory effects of water-extracted Ginseng Radix(GR), Pilose Asia-bell(PA), Astragali Radix(AR), Astractylodes Rhizoma alba(AA) and Dioscoreae Rhizoma (DR). The parameter examined to assess apparent immunomodulatory effect of the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR included the regulation of Nitric oxide (NO), the expression of Th1/Th2 type cytokine, the change of B cell phenotype. The water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In the Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression, the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR induced IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression. Therefore, it seems that the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR have a inducing effect of Th1 type cytokines. In the Flow cytometry analysis, the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR did not change B cell phenotype (CD45R/B220). The water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR have a reducing effect of immune suppression cause by Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR may be, in part, associated with the inducing IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression in and regulation of NO production in macrophage cells.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.339-342
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• 2007

$Cu(In_{1-x}Ga_{x})Se_2$(CIGS)는 매우 큰 광흡수계수를 가지고 있으므로 박막형 태양전지의 광흡수층 재료로서 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 박막이 태양전지의 광흡수층으로 이용되기 위해서는 큰 결정크기와 평탄한 표면, 적당한 전기적 특성을 가져야 한다. 이러한 특성들은 CIGS 박막의 조성에 큰 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동시증발법을 이용하여 Cu/(In+Ga) 비를 0.9로 고정한 후 Ga 조성(Ga/(In+Ga)의 비 : 0.32, 0.49, 0.69, 0.8, 1)을 변화시켜 Wide band gap CIGS 박막태양전지를 만들었다. 기판은 soda line glass를 사용하였고 뒷면 전극으로는 Mo를 스퍼터링법으로 증착하였다. 또한 버퍼층으로는 기존에 쓰이고 있는 CdS를 CBD(Chemical Bath Deposition)법으로 층착시켰으며, 윈도우층으로는 i-ZnO/n-ZnO를 스파터링 법으로 층착하였다. 그리고 앞면전극으로는 Al을 E-beam 으로 증착하였다. 분석은 XRD, SEM, QE로 분석하였다. 위 실험에서 얻은 결과로는 Ga/(In+Ga)비가 증가할수록 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 박막은 회절 peak들이 큰 회절각으로 이동하였고, 이것은 Ga 원자와 In 원자의 원자반경의 차이에서 기인된 것으로 사료된다. 또한 Ga 조성이 증가할수록 단파장 쪽으로 이동하는 것을 볼 수 있으며, Voc가 증가하다가 에너지 밴드캡이 1.62 eV 이상에서는 Voc가 감소하는 것을 볼 수 있는데 이것은 Ga 조성이 증가할수록 에너지 밴드캡이 커지면서 defect level 이 존재하기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. Ga/(In+Ga)비가 1일 때의 변환효율은 8.5 %이고， Voc : 0.74 (V), Jsc : 17.2 ($mA/cm^{2}$), F.F : 66.6(%) 이다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.354-363
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• 2009

Cytotoxic Nitric oxide (NO) overproduced by inducible NO Synthase (iNOS or NOS2), which was induced in inflammatory reactions and immune responses directly or indirectly affects the functions as host defense and can cause normal tissue damage. Microarray analysis was performed to identify gene profiles of both NO-dependent and -independent transcripts in RAW 264.7 macrophages that use selective NOS2 inhibitors aminoguanidine ($100\;{\mu}M$) and L-canavanine (1 mM). A total of 3,297 genes were identified that were up- or down-regulated significantly over 2-fold in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. NO-dependency was determined in the expressed total gene profiles and also within inflammatory conditions-related functional categories. Out of all the gene profiles, 1711 genes affected NO-dependently and -independently in 567 genes. In the categories of inflammatory conditions, transcripts of 16 genes (Pomp, C8a, Ifih1, Irak1, Txnrd1, Ptafr, Scube1, Cd8a, Gpx4, Ltb, Fasl, Igk-V21-9, Vac14, Mbl1, C1r and Tlr6) and 29 geneas (IL-1beta, Mpa2l, IFN activated genes and Chemokine ligands) affected NO-dependently and -independently, respectively. This NO dependency can be applied to inflammatory reaction-related functional classifications, such as cell migration, chemotaxis, cytokine, Jak/STAT signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Our results suggest that LPS-induced gene transcripts in inflammation or infection can be classified into physiological and toxic effects by their dependency on the NOS2-mediated NO release.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.495-505
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• 2006

In this study we evaluate the effects of bFGF-BB and PDGF on in vitro proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from rat. MSCs were prepared from the bone marrow of 6 or 7-week-old male rats with a technique previously described by Maniatopoulos et al. in 1988. Lineage differentiation to osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and adipogenesis were performed. At first, we characterized the cultured cell on passage 1, 3, 5, 7 with immunocytochemical staining using CD29, 44, 34, 45, ${\alpha}$-SMA and type I collagen. And to study the effects of bFGF and PDGF-BB on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization, we seeded the expanded cell at a density of 6 $6{\times}10^3\;cells/cm^2$ to 100-mm dish for evaluation of cell proliferation and MTT assay was carried out on day 2, 4, 7, 9. We also resuspended the cells with same density $(6{\times}10^3\;cells/cm^2)$ to 24 well plates for subculture. On the following day, the attached cells were exposed to 2.5ng/ml bFGF and/or 25ng/ml PDGF-BB daily during 5 days. The osteocalcin (OC) level was assessed and mineral contents were evaluated with alizarin red S staining on subculture day 2, 7, 14, 21. We identified the mesenchymal stem cell from the bone marrow derived cells of rat through their successful multi-differentiation and stable display of its phenotype. And bFGF and PDGF-BB showed the effect that inhibited osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization mildly in above concentration at in vitro culture. This study was supported by grant 04-2004-0120 from the Seoul National University Hospital Research Fund.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2013

The gene encoding an esterase from Photobacterium sp. MA1-3 was cloned in Escherichia coli using the shotgun method. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence (948 bp) corresponded to a protein of 315 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 35 kDa and a pI of 6.06. The deduced protein showed 74% and 68% amino acid sequence identities with the putative esterases from Photobacterium profundum SS9 and Photobacterium damselae, respectively. Absence of a signal peptide indicated that it was a cell-bound protein. Sequence analysis showed that the protein contained the signature G-X-S-X-G included in most serine-esterases and lipases. The MA1-3 esterase was produced in both soluble and insoluble forms when E. coli cells harboring the gene were cultured at $18^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was a serine-esterase and was active against $C_2$, $C_4$, $C_8$ and $C_{10}$ p-nitrophenyl esters. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were pH 8.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Relative activity remained up to 45% even at $5^{\circ}C$ with an activation energy of 7.69 kcal/mol, which indicated that it was a cold-adapted enzyme. Enzyme activity was inhibited by $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Hg^{2+}$ ions.