• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.167-183
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• 2012

Objective : Average, lowest, highest concentration and exceeding value of legal allowance of As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr in frequently using 16 oriental herbal medicines in korea(Astragali Radix, Ginseng, Citri Unshii Pericarpium, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, Zizyphi Fructus, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Hoelen, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Corni Fructus, Schisandrae Fructus, Lycii Fructus) was evaluated according to their origines (korea, china) and property was also discussed according to the medicinally active part and individuals regardless origines. Method : Korean and Chinese herbal medicines were evenly sampled from corresponding country nationwide. Pre-treatment was executed according to the KFDA(Korea Food and Drug Administration) regulation and analysis was performed according to the Korean Environmental Analysis QA/QC. Result : Not much difference was observed according to their origines. However, lowest, highest and percent exceeding value of legal allowance was showed some consistent differences according to the medicinally active part and individuals. Co and Cr was can not be evaluated since their legal regulation was not established yet. Conclusion : The average concentration of As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr in frequently using 16 oriental herbal medicines in korea showed no noticeable difference according to their origines. Regardless the origin, some consistent differences were observed according to the individuals and medicinally active parts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

Movement and accumulation of cadmium in male Sprague-Dawley rats, fed with brown rice from nearby Janghang smeltery area were investigated. The rat fed with five different cadmium level diets made with Cd-polluted during 12 weeks. The brown rice-polluted with 0.87 ppm Cd (PBR) was sampled from products in the Janghang smeltery area. Diets of brown rice group were brown rice (BR, 0.002 ppm Cd), each 50% of BR and PBR (BR+PBR 50%, 0.44 ppm Cd) and PBR (PBR 100%, 0.87 ppm Cd). To compare with BR+PBR 50%, the another group diet composed the feed (FE, 0.002 Cd ppm) and each 50% of FE and PBR (FE+PBR 50%, 0.44 ppm Cd). Accumulation of Cd, Zn and Cu in blood, liver and kidney rats was measured by GF-AAS. The weight gain in BR groups and FE groups were different 0.22-0.26 and 1.08-1.26 g/day, respectively. Daily intake cadmium was 10.77 and 22.36 ${\mu}g/rat$ in BR+PBR 50% and PBR 100%, and 8.83 ${\mu}g/rat$ in FE+PBR 50%. Cadmium contents in diets were higher, and total intake of the heavy metals was more increased on the whole. Weights of liver and kidney in FE+PBR 50% group was 2.64 and 2.27 folds higher than those in BR+PBR 50% group. Cadmium contents in blood were increased with intake of BR diet, but Zn and Cu were decreased with them. In the diet groups with the same Cd concentration, Cd content of FE+PBR 50% was higher 1.27 times than that of BR+PBR 50%. In the diet group of BR, BR+PBR 50%, and PBR 100%, the increase of Cd concentration was significantly different to the increase of Cd content in the livers. In the same condition of Cd concentration, Cd contents were higher in the BR+PBR 50% group. In the diet groups of BR, BR+PBR 50%, and PBR 100%, the increase of Cd content in the kidneys led to the increase of Zn and Cu contents. In the same condition of Cd concentration, the diet group with the addition of BR was shown to be 3.11 times higher than with the addition of FE. In view of the results so far achieved, It was closely related with Cd, Zn, and Cu content.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study was to select a B. schmidtii population which has high cadmium tolerance and remediation and to determine the difference of cadmium uptake patterns among populations. One-year-old B. schmidtii seedlings were treated with 0, 0.4, 0.8mM CdSO$_4$. 3/8H$_2$O for two months. Cadmium concentrations in different positions of stem and cadmium concentrations and contents of leaves, stems and roots were analyzed. Also soil cadmium concentrations were analyzed. B. schmidtii was highest in root and lowest in shoot tip, showing a gradual decrease from root to shoot tip. The shoot to root Cd concentration ratios were over 1.26. It is concluded that B. schmidtii has good potential for phytoextraction as a shoot accumulator, which can be used for remediation of cadmium-contaminated areas. But tolerance differs between populations. Therefore B. schmidtii should be used as a means of phytoremediation after selection for Cd tolerance is performed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 1992

This study was carried out to find out some characteristic responses of biological samples under the exposure of trace metals with the considering of Sex, age, residence period and smoking. Blood, Urine and Hair were collected from 116 dwellers in the vicinity of a smelting factory. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the following results were found important. 1) The concentrations of trace metals in the blood were 0.010+ 0.003 $\mu$g/ml in Cd, 0.82+ 0.11 $\mu$g/ml in Cu, 0.23_+ 0.13 $\mu$g/ml in Pb and 5.78_+ 1.43 $\mu$g/ml in Zn, those in the urine were 1.7_+ 1.7 $\mu$g/l in Cd, 16.5_+ 16.0 $\mu$g/l in Cu, 24.6_+ 23.0 $\mu$g/l in Pb and 367.7_+ 283.4 $\mu$g/l in Zn, and those in the hair were 0.52_+ 0.56 $\mu$g/g in Cd, 11.00_+4.01 $\mu$g/g in Cu, 8.53_+ 7.05 $\mu$g/g in Pb and 383.23_+ 110.56 $\mu$g/g in Zn. 2) In sex, the concentrations of Zn in the blood and urine of male were higher than those of female, however, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the hair of female were higher than those of male. 3) The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in the urine showed an increasing trend by age. 4) While the concentration of Cd in the urine increased, the concentration of Pb in the hair decreased by residential period in all the samples. 5) The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the blood and that of Zn in the urine of smoking group were higher than those of non-smoking group. The concentration of Pb in the blood of smoking group and those of Cd, Pb and Zn in the urine of non-smoking group showed increasing the trend by age. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the urine of non-smoking group, the concentration of Zn in the hair of smoking group showed increasing trend by residential period, however, the concentrations of Pb in the blood and hair and that of Zn in the hair showed decreasing trend by residential period. 6) When the correlations of the concentrations between Zn (main smelting metal) and other metals were analyzed, Zn in the blood was significantly correlated with Cu, Pb and Zn in the urine (positively) and Zn in the urine was significantly correlated with Zn in the blood, Cd, Cu and Pb in the urine, and Pb in the hair (positively). Zn in the hair was significantly correlated with Cd in the urine and Cu in the hair (positively). 7) Consequently, it was useful to note that samples of urine showed higher sensitivity under the metal exposure than those of blood and hair in individual sampling. In addition, as trace metals showed higher accumulation in the hair of the groups, sampling of hair was more highly recommended than those of urine and blood in group sampling.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1983

A pot experiment was conducted to clarify the Cd uptake and levels affecting yield loss according to the growth stages of rice plant. The cadmium was treated with several Cd compounds $Cd(NO_3)_2$, $CdCl_2$, $CdSO_4$, $CdCO_3$ and CdS at various concentrations of 0,5,10,25, and 50ppm in soils. The increasing rate of Cd compounds applied to soils increased the Cd content in plant as well as grains but the yield was decreased at high cadmium levels. Cd concentration in soil which could affect the yield decrease were 12.9ppm for $Cd(NO_3)_2$; 21.5ppm, $CdSO_4$; 25.8ppm, $CdCl_2$; 33.2ppm, $CdCO_3$; and 97.6ppm, CdS respectively. Cd concentration in soil reaching at 1ppm of Cd content in brown rice were 13.8ppm from $Cd(NO_3)_2$; 14.4ppm, $CdCl_2$; 16.9ppm, $CdSO_4$; and 19.2ppm, $CdCO_3$, respectively. Cd content in brown rice could be expected with the Cd content in plant at panicle formation stage.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2003

This study was carried out to characterize the behavior and sources of particulate trace metal in Daegu city. TSP (Total Suspended Particulate matter) was collected by filters on High Volume Air Sampler from the four areal (reference, residential, commercial, industrial area). The moult were analyzed by AAS after preliminary treatment. The average centration trend of trace metals contained in TSP was shown as follows : Fe > Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd. The trace metals showed the highest concentration in the industrial area. This study showed the seasonal variation of trace metals. Fe and Mn showed high concentration in spring, whereas Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb showed high concentration in winter. Also this study showed the regional variation of trace metals. The order of the average concentration of trace metals was : industrial > commercial > residential > reference area. Using Mn as a reference element, the enrichment factor analysis were used for identifying the trace element contributors. The enrichment factors of Cr, Fe < 10 were considered to have a significant dust and soil source and termed nonenriched. Pb, Cd, Cu >>10 were enriched and had a significant fraction which was contributed by anthropogenic sources.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.521-527
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• 1998

Removabilities of heavy metals(Cd and Pb) by the tea materials (barley-tea, corn-tea, jasmin-tea, brown rice-green tea, black-tea, cassia tora-tea, persimmon peel-tea, and rice-tea) in the tea-water were studied in the various conditions ; particle size of tea (20, 40, 70 mesh), concentration of heavy metal (25, 50, 100 ppm) and extraction temperature(20, 30, 50, 100$^{\circ}C$). The removabilities by the tea solids were increased as the particle size decreased, concentration of heavy metal increased, and extracting temperature increased. Of the nine kinds of tea, Cd and Pb removability by jasmin-tea was highest. In addition, heavy metal removability by cassia tora tea was better than that of other tea as extraction temperature was increased.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.134-139
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• 1999

The distributions of Cd, Cu, and Zn concentration in soil treated with one (1988) or two (1988 and 1993) applications of sewage sludge at rates of 0, 25, 50, and $100Mg\;ha^{-1}$ (dry weight basis) were determined to assess the accumulation and mobility of the heavy metals. The heavy metals accumulated almost entirely in 0 to 15 cm soil depths. Small amounts of the metals moved out of the tillage zone (0-15 cm depth) into the subsoil, but even at the high rate of sewage sludge, little movement of heavy metals occurred below 100 cm depth. The water-extractable Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were very low regardless of the rate of sewage sludge application. Availability of metals as determined by DTPA extraction showed the percentage of DTPA-extractable/total concentration increased with sewage sludge application. In the 0-15 cm depth of sewage sludge treated soil, the percentage of DTPA-extractable/total concentration was higher than 46% for Cd, but the value was less than 27% and 17% for Cu and Zn, respectively. The Cd, Cu, and Zn added to this calcareous clay soil by sewage sludge application were not very mobile, and the amount of plant available form was very small.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1993

Inclusion complex of ibuprofen with $2-Hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(HP-{\beta}-CD)$ in aqueous solution and in the solid state was evaluated by the solubility method and the instrumental analysis such as infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and x-ray diffractometry. The aqueous solubility of ibuprofen was increased linearly with the increase in the concentration of $HP-{\beta}-CD$, showing an $A_L$ type phase solubility diagram. The results showed that the dissolution rate of ibuprofen was significantly increased by complexation with $HP-{\beta}-CD$. $Ibuprofen-HP-{\beta}-CD$ complex enhanced the mean plasma concentration levels and the area under plasma concentration-time curve after oral administration compared to those of the drug alone. It is concluded that the complex of ibuprofen with $HP-{\beta}-CD$ increases the dissolution rate and improves the bioavailability of the ibuprofen by the formation of a water-soluble complex.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.111-129
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• 1998

In order to research the effect of Sipjundaebotang on the immune respons of CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell in rats, author have performed this experimental study. Experimental groups are divided into 5 groups(intact, control, sample I, sample II, sample III). Normal group was intact, control group was administrated normal saline 2cc for 5 days, sample I was administrated low concentration of Sipjundaebotang(100/3100pack/ml) 2cc for 5 days, sample II was administrated middle concentration of Sipjundaebotang(500/3100pack/ml) 2cc for 5 days, sample III was administrated high concentration of Sipjundaebotang(2500/3100pack/ml) 2cc for 5 days. WBC, Lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell in the blood, spleen, axillary node and CD8+ T cell in the blood, spleen and axillary node were determined. The results was as follows: 1. WBC count in blood was significantly decrcased in the control, sample I, II, III groups as compared with the normal group. 2. Lymhocyte count in the blood was significantly decreased in the control, sample I, II groups as compared with the normal group. 3. CD4+ T cell count in the blood was significantly increased dose-dependently in the sample I, II, III groups as compared with the normal group. 4. CD4+ T cell count in the spleen was significantly increased in the sample I, II, III groups as compared with the normal group. 5. CD4+ T cell count in the axillary node was significantly increased in the sample III group as compared with the normal group, however significantly decreased in the sample I, II groups as compared with the normal group. 6. CD8+ T cell count in the blood was significantly increased in the sample III groups as compared with the normal group. 7. CD8+ T cell count in the spleen was significantly increased in the sample I, II, III groups as compared with the normal group. but there was no differences in the sample groups. 8. CD8+ T cell count in the axillary node was decreased in the sample I, II groups as compared with the normal group.