• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.905-919
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• 2005

This study raised the necessity of developing performance indicators for measuring the management efficiency and effectiveness of school food service, and as a means of helping its implementation, a balanced score card (BSC) approach developed by Norton and Kaplan was adopted. This study established BSC in seven phases through literature: Phase 1 Defining a school food service and the scope of working activities, Phase 2 Establishing the vision of a school food service, Phase 3 Setting strategic goals, Phase 4 Identifying critical success factors (CSFs), Phase 5 Developing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Phase 6 Extracting cause and effect relationship, and Phase 7 Completing a preliminary BSC. The preliminary BSC was fumed into a survey, which was administered to food service related people working at the Office of Education and School Food Service including 16 offices,209 dietitians, 48 school administrators both from self-operated and contract-managed, and 9 experts in areas related to school food service. They were asked questions about strategies from 4 different perspectives,12 CSFs, 39 KPls, and the cause and effect relationships among them. As a result, among the CSFs based on 4 different perspectives, all factors other than ' zero sum on profit/loss ' from the financial perspective turned out to be valid. In terms of KPIs, manufacturing cost percentages, casualty loss count/reduction rates, school foodervice participation rates, and sales goal achievement rates were found to be valid from the financial perspective, while student satisfaction index, faculty satisfaction index, leftover ratio, nutrition educational performance count, index of evaluating nutrition education, customer claim count/reduction rate, handling customer claim count/reduction rate, and parent satisfaction index were found to be valid from the customers' perspective. Besides, nutritional requirement sufficient ratio, nutritional management score, food poisoning outbreak count, employee safety accident count, sanitary inspection assessment index, meals per labor hour (productivity index), computerization ratio, operational management index, and purchase management assessment index were also found to be valid from the perspective of internal business processes. From the perspective of innovation and learning, employee turnover ratio/rate of absenteeism, annual education and training count, employee satisfaction index, human resource management assessment index, annual menu-related customer feedback, food service information index for employees and parents/schools were also found to be valid. The significance of this study is to present indices for measuring overall performance of school lunch food service operations without putting any limitation on types of school food service management, and to help correctly assess the contribution of the current types of school food service management to schools and students. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $905\∼919$, 2005)

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.690-701
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• 2021

This study examines the effects of job stress on fire-fighters' job performance on negative job factors, job burnout, and positive job factors, job satisfaction, respectively, and by examining whether resilience has a modulating effect in these influence relationships. This was done to provide useful information for planning management strategies. The analysis was done by regression analysis of data collected through a structured survey of 239 fire-fighters, and the moderating effect was confirmed by calculating and applying the interaction term. For the analysis, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted on 239 fire-fighters. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that job stress and job burnout of fire-fighters were low, job satisfaction was normal, and resilience was above average. Also, there was no significant difference in resilience according to demographic characteristics, and it was found that job stress had a positive(+) influence on job burnout at a statistically meaningful level, and a negative(-) influence on job satisfaction. In addition, it was found that impulse control power and cause analysis power had a moderating effect in the influence relationship between job stress and job burnout, and impulse control power had a moderating effect in the influence relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Based on these results, it was proposed to preemptively apply various resilience programs suitable for the situation of fire-fighters, enhance emotional competence, and introduce coaching personnel to help self-reflection.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.115-123
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• 2016

Purpose - Nowadays the competition between companies has been intensified in the aviation industry. It is hard to maintain successful market share in challenging managerial environment. Not long ago, a Korean major aviation company had faced social condemnation cause of managerial staff's immoral behaviors. That company suffers great losses in company brand value in terms of authenticity as an aviation company. This research tried to show the effect of brand authenticity in the aviation industry. First of all, this research tried to define the dimensions of the brand authenticities based on the former researches. This research suggested the airline brand authenticities as three kinds of dimensions. The dimensions of authenticities consist of performance aspects, symbolic aspects and moral aspects. And this research also tried to show the relationships between brand authenticities and consumers attitudes. Research design, data and methodology - The empirical research design is based on the experiments with six types of advertisement prototypes. The advertisement prototypes were based on three types of authenticities' characteristics. The prototypes were made of core statements about each authenticity. And the advertisement prototypes also were based on the aviation company types. The types of aviation companies could be divided into FSC(full service carrier)and LCC(low cost carrier). So the whole experiments were performed with six kinds of advertisement prototypes(3 brand authenticities X 2 aviation company types). The age of participants were from 20s to 40s. The proportion of participants' demographics are as follow. Age proportion is 50% of 20s and 50% of 30s and 40s. Gender proportion is 46% males and 54% females. The experiments performed through mobile devices. Advertisement prototypes were exposed to the participants through their mobile devices, and they answered the questionnaires. All the process of experiments were performed by a professional research firm to maintain the quality of data. Results - This research suggested some important outcomes as follow. First, brand authenticity had an important role to make a positive consumer attitude on the aviation company. All the three types advertisement of authenticities had a positive impact on the consumer attitude for the aviation company. Second, the three types of brand authenticities in the performance aspects, symbolic aspects, and moral aspects had a major impact on the consumers attitudes. The performance authenticity had the biggest effect on the consumer attitudes. Third, the types of aviation companies like FSC and LCC had a different correlation with types of authenticities. All the types of authenticities affected on the consumers attitudes in the FSC case. The symbolic authenticity had the biggest effect in the FSC case. But the performance authenticity showed the most striking effect in the LCC case. Conclusion - From this research, we can get a conclusion. The brand authenticity of aviation company should be managed carefully to maintain a positive brand image and consumers attitudes. And airline brand authenticities can be consist of three type dimensions. All the types of authenticities affects on the consumers attitudes positively. The symbolic authenticity affects more in the FSC case, and the performance authenticity influences more in the LCC case.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 2019

Urban railway engineers' job stress cause fatal evils to both individuals and entire society and brings a significant loss in competitiveness. Thus, this research aimed to examine the factors affecting engineers' job stress and their negative results and seek ways to reduce job stress. This study analyzed the effects of job characteristics(job insecurity, job demand) and organization characteristics(irrational workplace culture) on job stress as well as the effects of job stress on psychological depression and human errors. Also, this study analyzed the moderating effects of organizational support in the relationships between job stress and psychological depression as well as job stress and human errors. A survey was conducted on urban railway engineers and the results were as follows. First, the high level of job insecurity and job demand had a positively effect on job stress while an irrational workplace culture had a positively effect on job stress. Second, job stress had a positively effect on psychological depression and human errors. Third, while job stress and perceived organizational support had a significant interaction effect on psychological depression, there was no significant interaction effect on human errors.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.91-97
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• 2022

Analyzing the psychological and pedagogical literature, we showed the interest of researchers in the problem posed. The concept of competence is considered, which is interpreted as giving the key to solving a wide range of educational and life tasks. Research competence implies the ability to cooperate, enter into contacts, readiness for changes, for self-determination and is an integral quality of the individual, expressed in the readiness and ability to independently search for solutions to new problems and creative transformation of reality based on a set of personal and meaningful knowledge, skills, methods of activity and value attitudes.The article offers conditions that certify the improvement of forms and methods of training students in the formation of research competence of future specialists. The use of innovative technologies contributes to improving the level of training of future specialists: students are better prepared for classes, take an active part in the assimilation of program material in laboratory classes. It is noted that this creates a subject-subject relationship between the student and the teacher, and changes the attitude of students to classes. In the process of such organization of educational activities, students are convinced of the need for knowledge and its effectiveness, learn to compare, generalize, classify, establish cause-and-effect relationships, express opinions, defend their point of view, they ensure success in their studies, and develop research competence. It is proved that in order to apply the latest technologies, the teacher himself must know them well, that is, constantly improve himself, master new methods, techniques, ideas, which will help him create new pedagogical technologies and implement them in the educational process.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2022

The mechanical properties of expansive soil are very unstable, highly sensitive to water, and thus easy to cause major engineering accidents. In this paper, the expansive soil foundation pit project of the East Huada Square in the eastern suburb of Chengdu was studied, the moisture content of the expansive soil was considered as an important factor that affecting the mechanics properties of expansive soil and the stability of the non-equal-length double-row piles in the foundation pit support. Three groups of direct shear tests were carried out and the quantitative relationships between the moisture content and shear strength τ, cohesion c, internal friction angle φ were obtained. The effect of cohesion and internal friction angle on the maximum displacement and the maximum bending moment of piles were analyzed by the finite element software MIDAS/GTS (Geotechnical and Tunnel Analysis System). Results show that the higher the moisture content, the smaller the matrix suction, and the smaller the shear strength; the cohesion and the internal friction angle are exponentially related to the moisture content, and both are negatively correlated. The maximum displacement and the maximum bending moment of the non-equal length double-row piles decrease with the increase of the cohesion and the internal friction angle. When the cohesion is greater than 33 kPa or the internal friction angle is greater than 25.5°, the maximum displacement and maximum bending moment of the piles are relatively small, however, once crossing the points (the corresponding moisture content value is 24.4%), the maximum displacement and the maximum bending moment will increase significantly. Therefore, in order to ensure the stability and safety of the foundation pit support structure of the East Huada Square, the moisture content of the expansive soil should not exceed 24.4%.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Algal blooms in potable water supplies are becoming an increasingly prevalent and serious water quality problem around the world. In addition to precipitating taste and odor problems, blooms damage the environment, and some classes like cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) release toxins that can threaten human health, even causing death. There is a recognized need in the water industry for models that can accurately forecast in real-time algal bloom events for planning and mitigation purposes. In this study, using data for an interconnected system of rivers and reservoirs operated by a New Jersey water utility, various ANN models, including both discrete prediction and classification models, were developed and tested for forecasting counts of three different algal classes for one-week and two-weeks ahead periods. Predictor model inputs included physical, meteorological, chemical, and biological variables, and two different temporal schemes for processing inputs relative to the prediction event were used. Despite relatively limited historical data, the discrete prediction ANN models generally performed well during validation, achieving relatively high correlation coefficients, and often predicting the formation and dissipation of high algae count periods. The ANN classification models also performed well, with average classification percentages averaging 94 percent accuracy. Despite relatively limited data events, this study demonstrates that with adequate data collection, both in terms of the number of historical events and availability of important predictor variables, ANNs can provide accurate real-time forecasts of algal population counts, as well as foster increased understanding of important cause and effect relationships, which can be used to both improve monitoring programs and forecasting efforts.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2018

The effects of hydro-meteorological and surface variables on the frequency of Asian dust events (FAE) were investigated using ground station and satellite-based data. Present weather codes 7, 8, and 9 derived from surface synoptic observations (SYNOP)were used for counting FAE. Surface wind speed (SWS), air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and precipitation were analyzed as hydro-meteorological variables for FAE. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), and snow cover fraction (SCF) were used to consider the effects of surface variables on FAE. The relationships between FAE and hydro-meteorological variables were analyzed using Z-score and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Although all variables expressed the change of FAE, the degrees of expression were different. SWS, LST, and Ta (indices applicable when Z-score was < 0) explained about 63.01, 58.00, and 56.17% of the FAE,respectively. For NDVI, precipitation, and RH, Asian dust events occurred with a frequency of about 55.38, 67.37, and 62.87% when the Z-scores were > 0. EOF analysis for the FAE showed the seasonal cycle, change pattern, and surface influences related to dryness condition for the FAE. The intensity of SWS was the main cause for change of FAE, but surface variables such as LST, SCF, and NDVI also were expressed because wet surface conditions suppress FAE. These results demonstrate that not only SWS and precipitation, but also surface variables, are important and useful precursors for monitoring Asian dust events.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.717-731
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• 2011

To clarify relationships between the abundance and biological characteristics of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., we analyzed spatiotemporal changes in fork length, body weight, and an index of relative abundance (catch per unit effort, CPUE) for pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) collected by research gill-nets from the T/V Oshoro-maru and the T/V Hokusei-maru of Hokkaido University in the North Pacific during 1953-2007. Populations of each species were distributed throughout the western Bering Sea, eastern Bering Sea (EB), western North Pacific (WNP), central North Pacific (CNP), eastern North Pacific (ENP), and Okhotsk Sea. Since 1970, the average body size of chum salmon at ocean ages 0.3-0.4 has generally declined in the WNP and CNP. However, the average body sizes of sockeye and pink salmon have not shown temporal changes. Chum salmon showed significant negative (positive) correlations between CPUE and body size for populations in CNP (ENP) at ocean ages 0.2-0.3 (age 0.1) for both sexes. In general, sockeye salmon also showed significant negative (positive) correlations between CPUE and body size for populations in the EB at ocean ages X.2-X.3 (age X.1) for both sexes, except in CNP at age 2. Our results suggest that better growth by chum and sockeye salmon in the early periods of their ocean life histories might produce higher abundance. This higher abundance, which might also be affected by overlapping distributions among Pacific salmon species and populations in certain seas, in turn appears to cause density-dependent declines in growth in the following ocean life history period due to the limited carrying capacity of the seas. To understand complex dynamics in Pacific salmon species in the North Pacific Ocean, research on interactions among species and populations is needed.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-194
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the locomotion orientation on salespeople' sales performance with the mediating effect of selling behavior(adaptive selling behavior, SOCO). And we figure out the relationship between customer-oriented selling behavior and adaptive selling behavior because those relationships are not clear. The authors infer research hypotheses based on literature review. We have confirmed the reliability and validity test and those results can be acceptable. Hypotheses test were conducted with structural equation modeling, AMOS. All paths in the research model reasoned by authors have been supported statistically at the significant level. This study with the theoretical implications is as follows. First, this study is the first attempt to investigate the path between locomotion orientation and adaptive selling behavior and SOCO. Secondly, there is an empirical conflict between our study and Franke and Park(2006)'s study. Our study was contradictory to Franke and Park(2006)'s consequences. And so, figuring out clearly those causal paths remains. This study with practical implications are as follows. First of all, the salespeople' selling performance was affected by adaptive selling behavior, customer-oriented selling behavior, and sales-oriented activities, such as the importance of selling behavior once again proven. It is necessary to enhance the capabilities that can be transformed into action appropriate to the needs of customers each sales step-by-step in the process of salespeople for various system through education and incentives, and to interact with customers and understand their customers relative to salespeople will. In order to enhance adaptive selling behavior, the company needs to do educational program and monitoring system with the positional promotion when salespeople get the high adaptive selling behavior. Secondly, the locomotion orientation of the salespeople is to cause this selling behavior. Management style to increase locomotion orientation is needed, which means, salespeople' superior about something should be conducted. In order to stimulate the selling behavior of the salespeople, most supervisors should use some managerial tools such as feedback, engagement, and rewards.