• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

본 논문은 "온워드:단 하루의 기적"의 사건의 인과 관계를, "업"과의 비교를 통해 검토했다. "업"의 경우, 먼저 원인이 있고, 주요 인물들은 거기서 생긴 목적의식을 가지고 행동한다. 그리고, 오프닝 장면에서, 괴물과 같은 새, 사람과 같은 개, 비행기보다 가벼운 비행선이, "업" 세계의 주민들에게 받아들여져 있어서, 이후 주인공이 풍선을 장착한 집을 타고 여행하거나, 괴물 같은 새와 말하는 개랑 교류하는 장면을, 시청자는 "업"의 공상 형식으로 이해한다. "온워드"의 경우도 먼저 원인이 있고, 주인공은 한결같은 목적의식을 가진다. 그런데, 목적을 이루는 방법으로서, 게임의 문제 해결 방식을 택하는데, 게임과 현실과의 인과 관계가 없어서, 설득력이 있는 선택이 안 된다. 또, 주인공이 만나는 장애들은 게임의 아이템들이 많은데, 게임 세계의 정보가 부족해서, 장애가 된 원인과 목적이 불분명하다. 따라서 주인공과의 대립 구도가 희미하여, 게임 세계에 대한 수수께끼만 남는다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.171-184
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• 1994

This study examined the characteristics of the relationship of environmental variables that is HOME socio-demographic variables and children's verbal ability at age five. Especially this study investigated causal relationships among the variables which are supposed to affect children's verbal ability. The subjects of this study were 60 children at age five and their mothers. Instruments included inventory of home stimulation(HOME) inventory of socio-demographic variables inventory of the children's verbal ability and intelligence test. The results obtained from study were as follows: 1. For the most part environmental variables had a significant positive correlation with children's verbal ability 2. The variables that significantly predicted boy's verbal ability were aspects of physical environment breadth of experienc. And the variables that significantly predicted girls' verbal ability were developmental stimulation economic status of the home. 3. The results of the analysis of the causal model showed that the kind of variables that affected boy's verbal ability directly were indirect stimulation direct stimulation. And the kind of variables that affected girls' verbal ability directly were direct stimulation econmic status of the home inditect stimulation. 4. Another causal model of the environmental variables affecting children's verbal ability were formulated by exogenous variables(socio-demographic variables) and by endogenous variables (HOME, children's intelligence). The results of the analysis of the causal model showed that only HOME variables significantly affected boy's and girls' verbal ability directly.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.193-208
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• 1994

This study investigated the causality of the children's self-perceived competence and related variables(age, sex, socio-demographic variables, family structure, the number of brother, home environmental process variables and peer group environmental variables.) The subjects of this study were 842 children at age five, seven, nine, eleven and thirteen attending kindergartens. elementary schools and junior high schools and their mothers in Seoul. This study employed children's self-perceived competence scales(The Pictorial scales for 5, 7, Qestionnaire for 9, 11, 13) home environment scales and peer group enviornment scales(the Pictorial scales for 5, 7 Qestionnaire for 9, 11, 13) Freqencies one way-ANOVA Pearson's Cronbach's αmultiple regression and path analysis were used for data-analysis. Major findings were as follows: 1. The results of the analysis of causal model showed that the variables that affected cognitive self-perceived competence directly were age, sex, parent's education economic status of the home the number of brother and peer's emotional support 2. The results of the analysis of causal model showed that the variables that affected social self-perceived competence directly were sex, economic status of the home, peer's emotional support and common activity. 3. The results of the analysis of causal model showed that the variables that affected physical self-perceived competence directly were age, sex, peer's emotional support and common activity.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.429-436
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to identify students' alternative frameworks about tide concept, to investigate some characters of them and students' understanding types with increasing grade in secondary school earth science course. The objective questionnaire method was used, and the subjects of this study are 528 students selected randomly in secondary school. The results are as follow. 1) Thirteen alternative frameworks about tide concept, related to the phase change of the moon and the motion of the earth are identified. 2) The alternative frameworks needed mechanical and causal reasoning have the trend reinforced or sophisticated with increasing the grade. And alternative frameworks needed phenomenal and mechanical, phenomenal and causal reasoning are changed little but ones needed phenomenal, variative and basic reasoning change scientifically. The rates of the alternative frameworks needed definitional, empirical, phenomenal reasoning decrease at the learning grade of that concept but increase after that grade. 3) Middle school students have the definitional, phenomenal, empirical and qualitative understanding types but high school students have the causal, analytic, quantitative and mechanical ones on tide concept.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose was to identify quality of chest pain according to causal diseases and pain expression of patients with coronary artery diseases. Method: Participants were 1,964 patients with pain who visited the emergency department of A hospital from January to December 2006. Data were collected from nurses' and doctors' records as to causal disease, and quality and expression of chest pain. Results: Causal diseases were coronary artery diseases, non-specific chest pain, respiratory diseases, non-coronary artery heart diseases and digestive diseases in that order of frequency. Every disease except respiratory disease caused mostly dull and tract pain, but 63.7% of patients with coronary artery diseases complained of typical angina pain and 24.9% complained of atypical angina pain. Patients with coronary artery diseases mostly used word 'heaviness' in describing their dull pain, and 'squeezing' for tract pain. Both male and female patients who were diagnosed with coronary artery disease complained mostly frequently of dull pain and tract pain. Conclusion: The most common causal disease for patients with chest pain was coronary artery disease. Patients with other diseases also frequently complained of dull and tract pain, the same as patients with coronary artery diseases. A considerable number of patients complained various types of atypical angina pain in coronary artery diseases.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

Purpose: This study attempts to investigate causal and intervening conditions for sport participation of Korean immigrants in the United States. Research design, data, and methodology: Grounded theory approach was used to develop a conceptual framework that presents the psychosocial processes that occur in immigrants' experience of sport participation. Participants were selected purposefully for information-rich cases. Korean immigrants with current experience of having periodically participated in sports were the criterion for sample selection. Based on selection criteria, 9 Korean immigrants took part in interview. The interview discussions were taped and transcribed verbatim into a Word file. The process for data analysis included four grounded theory approaches of purposive and theoretical sampling, an open and axial coding, memo writing, and finally the development of the conceptual framework. Results: Six concepts were revealed in the causal conditions that facilitate the process of immigrants' sport participation in the states: Personal experience, significant others, personality, physical environment, psychological well-being, and social connection. Three concepts were revealed as the intervening conditions that block the process of immigrants' sport participation in the states: Conflict with cultural change of organization, Pressure at workplace, and Economic constraints. Conclusions: Conceptual model presents causal and intervening factors. Further implications were discussed.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2020

Purpose: The ultimate purpose of this work is to investigate gender differences in the relationships between product quality cues and perceived values at a food select shop. Specifically, this study examines the effects of internal and external cues, which are indicators of product quality, on emotional and social values based on gender differences. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, a questionnaire technique was used to collect the data necessary to test the proposed model. 183 data were collected through this technique. PLS SEM (Partial Least Squares Structured Equation Model) was used to test the research model. Results: First, there is no gender difference between intrinsic cue and emotional value. When using male and female data, there was no significant causal relationship between intrinsic cues and emotional values. Second, we found no gender difference between intrinsic cue and social value. When analyzed with female data, there was no significant causal relationship between intrinsic cue and social value. On the other hand, in the case of men, it was found that a weak causal relationship exists. Third, this study found gender difference between extrinsic cue and emotional value. In the case of men, it was found that a weak causal relationship exists, whereas in the case of women, a strong causal relationship exists between extrinsic cue and emotional value. Fourth, we found gender difference between extrinsic cue and social value. In the case of men, there was no causal relationship, whereas in the case of women, there was a strong causal relationship between extrinsic cue and social value. Finally, we found that there are moderating roles of gender in the relationship between external cues and perceived quality. Conclusions: As a result of analysis, it is necessary to focus on extrinsic clues of product in order to increase the perceived emotional and social values of women. On the other hand, in order to improve the perceived emotional and social values of men, it is necessary to pay attention to both intrinsic and extrinsic cues of product. Therefore, it is necessary to consider what clues and values are important to core customers.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate causal relation and the influence of socially reponsible atitude and behavior of consumer. In an analysis of causal effect on the socially responsible attitude and behavior of consumer, the most influential variables on the socially responsible behavior of consumer was the socially responsible attitude. And house pattern, altruism, liberalism, dogmatism, perceived consumer effectiveness, environmental concern, faith on the consumer regulation policy, and neutral information had effect on the socially responsible behavior of consumer directly and indirectly.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

본 논문에서는, 최근 인터넷을 통해 빠르게 확산하고 있는 음향 중심의 음란 콘텐츠를 정확하게 검출하기 위해, 음향의 이웃 신호들 사이에 존재하는 양방향적 연관성을 기반으로 콘텐츠의 유해성을 판단하는 기법을 제안한다. 이웃한 음향 신호들간의 양방향적 연관성을 추출하기 위하여, 양방향 확장-인과 컨벌루션 연산(bi-directional dilated-causal convolution operation)들을 수행하는 확장-인과 컨벌루션 블록을 쌓아 만든 다층구조 양방향 확장-인과 컨벌루션 네트워크를 제안한다. 제안된 유해 콘텐츠 검출 기법의 효용성 검증을 위한 실험에서는 음향 신호의 각 시점으로부터 추출한 단순 특징 벡터를 기계학습 모델로 분류하는 기존 방법, 기존의 확장-인과 컨벌루션 블록을 적용해 음향 시계열 데이터의 순 방향 연관성만을 이용하는 기법, 그리고 본 연구에서 제안한 음향 시계열 데이터의 양방향 연관성까지 이용하여 유해성을 판단하는 기법의 분류 정확성을 비교하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면 본 연구에서 제안한 기법이 최대 84.38%의 인식 정확도를 가지며 이는 기존의 단순 특징 벡터를 이용하는 방법보다 약 25.80% 높고 순 방향 연관성만을 이용하는 기법보다 약 3.10% 높은 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2021

본 논문은 근래 급속하게 진행되는 온난화가 수온의 상승과 수량 변동을 수반하여 수질에도 큰 영향을 줄 것으로 전망됨에 따라 방류량 및 수온과 오염도 지수간의 인과관계 분석을 통해 효율적인 수자원 관리 및 수질 개선을 위한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라 주요 수계의 10개 다목적댐을 대상으로 방류량 및 수온, BOD, COD, DO 등 오염도 지수에 대해 시계열 자료를 활용하여 단위근 검정 및 공적분 검정, 그랜저 인과분석을 실시하여 방류량 보다는 수온이 오염도 지수와 더 많은 인과관계가 있어 수온의 변동이 방류량의 변동보다 오염지수에 더 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 수질과 방류량의 인과관계가 높아 이에 따른 댐의 수량 및 수질관리가 가장 우수한 댐은 합천댐과 충주댐이었으며, 2순위 대청댐이었다. 다음으로 수질과 방류량의 인과관계가 낮은 3순위 그룹의 용담 및 안동댐, 4순위 그룹은 나머지 5개 댐으로 밝혀졌다.