• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2007

Purpose. The purpose of this review is to explore cultural influences on the experiences of Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American family caregivers caring for frail older adults in terms of the selection of a primary caregiver, caregiving motivation, support/help-seeking, and negative emotional responses (depression and burden). Methods. Seven electronic databases were searched to retrieve studies from 1966 to 2005. Thirty-two studies were identified. Results. This review supported cultural influences on the selection of primary caregiver, caregiving motivation, and support/help-seeking among the three caregiver groups. In Korean caregivers, the major primary caregivers were daughters-in-law while among Korean American and Caucasian American caregivers, the major primary caregivers were daughters or spouses. As a major caregiving motivation, Caucasian American care￢givers reported filial affection while Korean caregivers and Korean American caregivers reported filial obligation. Korean caregivers reported higher extended family support, while Caucasian American caregivers reported higher utilization of formal support. Korean caregivers showed the highest levels of depression followed by Korean American caregivers and Caucasian American caregivers. Conclusion. In order to develop culturally appropriate interventions and policies, more research is needed to further explain these differences among the three groups, especially regarding support/help-seeking and negative emotional responses.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2011

Population pharmacokinetics for gentamicin were compared with 20 Korean patients (14 male and 6 female) and 25 Caucasian appendicitis patients (16 male and 9 female). Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times : just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 0.5 hour after the end of a 0.5 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant(K), the slope(KS) of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance(Ccr), the apparent volume of distribution (V), the slope(VS) of the relationship between V versus weight, gentamicin clearance(CL) and the slope(CS) of the relationship between CL versus Ccr and the V. The output includes two marginal probability density function(PDF), means, medians, modes, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and CV%. The mean K(KS) were$0.402{\pm}0.129hr^{-1}$ ($0.00486{\pm}0.00197[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]^{-1}$) and $0.425{\pm}0.137hr^{-1}$($0.00432{\pm}0.00168[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]^{-1}$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. The mean V(VS) were not different at $14.3{\pm}3.69L$($0.241{\pm}0.0511L/kg$) and $15.8{\pm}4.81L$($0.236{\pm}0.0531L/kg$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively (P>0.2). The mean CL(CS) were $5.68{\pm}1.69L/hr$ ($0.0714{\pm}0.0222L/kg[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]$) and $6.29{\pm}1.84L/hr$ ($0.0629{\pm}0.0189L/kg[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. There are no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between Korean and Caucasian appendicitis patients.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.95-108
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• 1989

This study intended to calculate the cephalometric norms of Korean adult and to compare those with norms of the North American Caucasian by Moyers. Cephalometric headplates of 41 males and 31 females ranged in age from eighteen to twenty-six with normal occlusion and pleasing face were employed for this investigation. The tracings of the standard lateral cephalograms were analyzed by Moyers' method. As a result of this study, the following conclusion can be made. 1. Norms of Korean adult male and female were calculated. 2. There was no significant sexual difference in the basic craniofacial morphology. 3. The size of craniofacial skeleton was larger in male than in female. 4. The Korean male showed lower value of mandibular plane angle to craial base than that of the Caucasian male. 5. There was no significant difference in the anterior total facial height, however, in the posterior facial height the Korean male was larger than the Caucasian male, which manifested that the Korean male held more square-shaped profile. 6. The anteroposterior length of anterior and posterior cranial base, maxillary and mandibular skeletal and dentoalveolar effective length of the Korean male were shorter than those of the Caucasian male, and this suggested that the craniofacial profile depth of the Korean male was shorter than that of the Caucasian male.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.54-64
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• 1992

The balance of facial sop tissue is important factor for the treatment of maxillofacial deformity patients. There are many cephalometric analysis of facial bone but a few soft tissue analysis of face for the orthognathic surgery, especially in the oriental people. This study aimed at examining the mean value of the soft tissue measurement of 120 Korean adult women with the linear and angular measurement and comparing with Caucasian. The results ere as follows. 1. In the frontal linear measurement, Korean women have larger interocular distant and width of nose, but the width of mouth appeared less than Caucasian. 2. In the frontal angular measurement, Korean women have larger inclination of the eye than Caucasian. 3. In the lateral linear measurement, Korean women have more prominent upper and lower lip position than Caucasian and have longer upper facial height comparing with lower facial height than Caucasian. 4. In the lateral angular measurement, Korean women have more convex facial profile and less nasolabial and geniolabial angle. 5. In the lateral facial ratio, Korean women have larger proportion in the lower department below the stomion.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.238-246
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• 1998

According to several pilot tests, petite women have their own body proportion which is not simply an overall diminutive reflection of the proportion of Misses sizes. Apparel manufacturers and pattern companies do not consider racial differences nor do they consider petite women's own specific body proportions in their size categories to produce petite garments. The primary objectives of this study was to describe the petite women's body proportions especially the differences between Asian and Caucasian petite women and to compare their body proportions to the average body figure. A physical body measurement chart was developed and revised through a pretest. Sixty subjects, thirty for each group of Asian and Caucasian. They were landmarked using an anthropometric instrument and photographed using the method of somatography for analysis of body proportions. Data were analyzed by t-test for a description of the petite subject's body proportion. The results of this study indicated that the Caucasian subjects had generally a longer lower torso than tehAian subjects in their body proportions. both subject groups had differnt body proportions from the aerage body figure.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2008

We investigated the morphological differences of the ethnic hairs using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, sampled from African, Asian and Caucasian women. Transverse section of African hair had a highly elliptical type whereas those of Asian and Caucasian hairs had circular and elliptical types, respectively. The diameter of African hair showed wide variations from 90 to 115 ${\mu}m$. The diameter of Asian hair was 100 ${\mu}m$ and Caucasian hair had a lesser diameter of 80 ${\mu}m$ on average. African hair were much more damaged in cuticle layer compared with Asian or Caucasian hairs. In particular, endocuticle of cuticle cell had a lot of holes in it, which resulted that it tends to be easily broken. Phaeomelanin in the cortex of Caucasian hair had a concentrically helical structure in it.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.943-952
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• 2006

The genetic variation in 10 indigenous Caucasian sheep breeds was studied with 14 micro-satellite loci in order to determine the genetic diversity among and between the breeds. Five breeds from Asia, five breeds from Europe and one breed from Africa, were included in order to study any relationships or influences they may have with the Caucasian sheep analyzed. A Karakul population from Uzbekistan was included in the study to see whether there was any Central Asian influence. All the 14 loci were found to be polymorphic in all the breeds, with the exception of ILST0056, which was monomorphic in Imeretian. A total of 231 alleles were generated from all the 688 individuals of the sheep analyzed. The mean number of alleles (MNA) at each locus was 16.5. The total number of alleles detected in all samples ranged from 13 in several loci to 23 in OarJMP029. Out of total 308 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) tests, 85 gave significant results. After Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, 30 comparisons still remained significant to the experimental levels. The Gala population was the most diverse and Imeretian the least diverse with a MNA of 8.50 and 5.51, respectively. Gene diversity estimates exhibited the same trend and ranged from 0.803 in Gala and 0.623 in Imeretian, but generally there is higher diversity among the Caucasian breeds in comparison to other eference breeds. The closest breeds were Tushin and Bozakh with Da of 0.113 and most distant breeds were $Djallonk{\acute{e}}$ and North Rondalsy with Da of 0.445. Principal Component (PC) analyses were done. PC1 described 14% of the differences. PC2, which described 13% of the differences, further separated the Caucasian breeds from Asian breeds except Karakul and Awasi, and the two British breeds. PC3 described 10% of the differences, allowing better differentiation of the Caucasian breeds. A moderate degree of reliability was observed for individual-breed assignment from the 14 loci using different approaches among which the Bayesian method proved to be the most efficient. About 72% of individuals analyzed were correctly assigned to their respective breeds.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2010

1. Objectives: This study has focused on response rates for ethnic groups of American by Short Form Sasang Classification Questionnaire for American (SF SSCQ-A). 2. Methods: By analysing the tendency of the respondents who have been defined ethnic groups and comparing of their answers, the result of their ethnic groups analysis by our questionnaire were examined. Each item response rate on SF_SSCQ-A was analysed between Caucasian and Non-Caucasian respectively. 3. Results and Conclusions: There were the significantly different 11 items between Caucasian and Non-Caucasian. And there were the poor response 26 items; the excessively affirmative 1 item, the excessively negative 18 items, no response 7 items.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1976

This study was undertaken to establish the roentgenocephalometric standards of the Korean children in Hellman dental age III C. The subjects consisted of 33 males and 33 females with the normal occlusion and acceptable profile. The lateral cephalometric films were taken with the teeth in centric occlusion, the soft tissue outline of the nose, lips, and chin was made visible by the low-speed films, 70Kvp, 100Mas. Their linear and angular measurements were performed by Jarabak's methods. The following results were obtained; 1) The author made the tables of standard deviation from the measured values. 2) Each linear measurement of the skull was greater in males than in females. 3) The maxillary basal bones were more protrusive in Korean children than in Caucasian. 4) The degree of the facial convexity was larger in Korean children than in Caucasian. 5) The labial inclination of the upper & lower incisors was greater in Korean children than in Caucasian. The labial inclination of the upper incisor was greater in females, but the labial inclination of the lower incisor was greater in males.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-31
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• 2003

It has been reported that the genetic variations in the Y chromosome has influence the blood pressure in some Caucasian male populations, but the effect in non-Caucasian population is unclear. In the present study, we examined the relationship between blood pressure and a HindIII RFLP of Y chromosome in 152 unrelated male individuals of ethnically homogeneous Korean origin. There were no significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressures between genotype groups, respectively. However, the frequency of A genotype in Korean population was much higher than those of Caucasian populations (P＜0.05). Therefore, the results of this study will con-tribute the better understanding the genetic characteristics of Y chromosome in Korean population.