• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1269-1269
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• 2001

The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is one of the more important problems that have affected the economy of european cattles and the Public Safety. Their transmission is mainly through digestive system, and the compound feeds made with animal proteins are one source of infection for healthy cows. Nowadays the official method for meat and bone meal (MBM) detection in compound feeds is a microscopy technique. However, this methodology is subjective, and that alter the fact to make one exhaustive quantitative analysis and one differentiation between mammalian and poultry bones. In addition, the separation of the differents fractions in a sample by density before the analysis, requires the use of organochlorates products as $CCl_4$, which produce serious damages in the atmosphere ozone content. NIR methodology is another possible way to confirm and identifying animal ingredients in compound feeds, Its capabilities for quantitative and qualitative analysis of foods and feeds has been enought demonstrated. The objective of this work was to use NIR as a tool to make an qualitative and quantitative analysis and a prediction of the meat and bone meal presence in compound feeds from North Spain cattle farms. Using a global population of compound feeds, on make three different groups depending of MBM percentage presence (0, 0-100, 100), to build and validate one calibration equation to determine MBM content and make one discriminant analysis between these three groups. The preliminary dates obtained with another differents samples of known composition showed promising results.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the effect of salt concentration in soybean sauce (ganjang) on pre-rigor ground Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) muscle. Although adding soybean sauce reduced pH of pre-rigor Hanwoo muscle, it improved the water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, total protein solubility, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), 2-thiobar-bituric acid (TBA) values, and textural properties by increasing salt concentration in the soybean sauce. In particular, adding soybean sauce inhibited lipid oxidation despite increasing salt concentration. An increased salt concentration in the soybean sauce in pre-rigor Hanwoo muscle tended to make the meat have lower lightness and higher redness and yellowness values. Although soybean sauce had a significantly lower pre-rigor salting effect than sodium chloride in terms of cooking loss and total protein solubility (p<0.05), soybean sauce improved myofibrillar fragmentation and lipid oxidation when compared with sodium chloride. Furthermore, no significant differences in textural properties were observed between adding soybean sauce and sodium chloride at the same salt concentrations. Therefore, soybean sauce can be a functional curing material for pre-rigor muscle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2016

Twenty crossbred steers ($400{\pm}40.1kg$ of initial body weight) were used to assess the effects of a dietary supplementation with crude glycerin (CG) as a substitute for corn grain on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were offered to the experimental animals (5 steers per treatment) for 121 days using randomized complete block design. The steers individually received dietary treatments containing 0%, 7%, 14%, and 21% of CG (88.91% pure) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were offered ad libitum as total mixed rations twice daily. Weight gain and carcass traits were determined. At the end of the experimental period, the harvest data and carcass characteristics of the steers were recorded, and meat quality was determined. No significant effect of CG inclusion was observed in any of the growth performance and carcass characteristics traits studied. Also, there were no apparent effects of diets (p>0.05) on meat quality (pH, water holding capacity, drip losses, and cooking losses). The study concluded that CG could be used as a substitute for corn grain up to the level of approximately 21% of DM in the diets of finishing steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

The purposes of the study were to examine the changes in carcass traits and surface meat color, and cortisol concentration by different altitudes and shipping distances for steer and cow. The experimental animals were shipped from Kangwondo, Kyunggido, Choongchungdo, and Kyungsangdo to Wonju LPC. The animals were examined for yield traits, quality traits, carcass grade, lightness, redness, yellowness, croma value, and cortisol concentration by different altitudes and shipping distances. The results showed that the carcass traits of steer like back fat thickness were not different by shipping distances of 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km. However, the fat thickness was higher in steers shipped from 250 km than 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km distance. Ribeye area was reduced significantly in 200 km and 250 km than 50 km. Yield index and yield grade were significantly low in 250 km than 50-200 km. However, meat color, fat color, texture, mature, and quality grade had no differences between shipping distances. Marbling score was not different in 50-200 km. However, the marbling score in 250 km was significantly lower than that of 50 km. In case of surface meat color by shipping distance, redness, yellowness, chroma value, and hue-angle were not different in shipping distance of 250 km. The lightness had similar result in 50-200 km. However, in case of 250 km the lightness was significantly low. The REA of cow carcass by shipping distance had no differences by shipping distance. The BET had similar results in 50-150 km. However, it had significantly thick in 200 km. The yield index and yield grade had no differences in 50-150 km. However, yield index and grade were significantly low in 200 km. The carcass trait of cow had no differences in all items by shipping distance. Although the carcass traits and the BET for steer by altitude had no differences between 100, 200, 300 and 500 m, but those were significantly thick in 400 m. And the yield index and the yield grade at altitude 400 m were lower than that of other altitudes. The quality traits and the quality grade had no differences between 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m altitudes. The yield traits, quality traits, yield grade, and quality grade had no significant differences by altitudes. In case of yield index of cow for 300 m was low than the cases of 100 m and 200 m. The surface meat color for steer and cow had no differences by altitudes. However, the lightness of cow had positive result in 100 m than 200 m and 300 m. In case of steer and cow the cortisol concentration by shipping distance was high as the shipping distances were longer. However, the cortisol concentrations of steer and cow by altitudes were decreased as the altitudes were increased. From the above results carcass traits and carcass grade were decreased and the cortisol concentration was increased as the altitudes were decreased for steer and cow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1599-1605
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• 2005

The object of this study is to develop the method for differentiating fresh meat from frozen meat by using the measurement of the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase in the Korean native cattle. The principle of this experiment is based on the fact that the enzyme proteins associated with mitochondrial membrane could be released by freezing. The methods of differentiating fresh meat from thawed, frozen meat were studied by measurements of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activity of meat press juice. Fresh and frozen beef were stored at 4, -4, -18 and -77$^{\circ}C$ for 15-day storage period. A meat press machine using air pressure was manufactured especially for these experiments, and sufficient amount of drip (about 0.15 mL/g) from 1.5 g of beef sample was efficiently obtained under a pressure of 8 kg/$cm^{2}$ generated by the meat pressing machine. The mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activities of frozen meat drip i년ices stored at -18 and -77$^{\circ}C$ were significantly higher than those of fresh and frozen meat samples at -4$^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.05) during 10-min reaction period. However, the enzyme activities of the frozen meat drip juices (-18 and -77$^{\circ}C$) disappeared after 5 minutes of the reaction, which was not observed from the fresh and -4$^{\circ}C$ frozen meats. The enzyme activity maintained until 12 minutes for the fresh and -4$^{\circ}C$ frozen meats. From these results, the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase could be considered as an indicator to differentiate fresh beef from frozen one.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.34-38
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• 2011

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagions disease of cloven-hoofed animals and occurs in many non-European countries, in particular in huge parts of Asia including Turkey, in most countries of Africa and in parts of South America. The extreme contagiousness of the disease requires comprehensive to control an outbreak, causing high economic losses. The outbreak of FMD, which affects livestock including cattle, swine,sheep,goats,deer and other animals as a highly communicable disease that affects. The agency issued a statement noting that FMD disease does not spread to humans. The disease and meat from infected animals are news reports that more than 3.400.000 livestock have been ordered slaughtered so far across the country.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.592-596
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• 2012

The simple method of evaluating highly marbled beef was examined by image analysis. The images of the cross section at the 6 to 7th rib were obtained from 82 carcasses of Wagyu cattle. By using an overall trace method, the surrounding edges of the longissimus thoracis and three muscles were traced automatically and manually with image analysis. In a spot method, 3 to 5 locations (2.5 or 3.0 cm in diameter) for each muscle were rapidly selected with no manual trace. The images were flattened, binarized, and the ratio of fat area to muscle area was determined. The correlation coefficients for marbling between different muscles, and between the overall trace and the spot methods were 0.55 to 0.81 between different muscles and 0.89 to 0.97, respectively. These results suggested that the simple spot method is speedy and almost as useful as the overall trace method as a measuring technique for beef marbling in loin muscles, especially for highly marbled beef.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.192-195
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• 2006

Current study was conducted to investigate the effect of different hanging techniques (achilles tendon, aitch bone and pelvic ligament) on variations in sarcomere length and palatability within and between muscles using thirty-four Angus steer sides. Results showed that tenderstretch(by either suspension method) resulted in longer sarcomeres for most positions within the major leg muscle than did conventional hanging method, but in some minor muscles(eg., mm. gluteus profundus, gastronemius, and gracilis) tenderstetch allowed the muscles fibres to shorten. Some tenderstretched muscles(e.g., m. gluteus profundus, 1.5 ${\mu}m$) appeared not to toughen even at very low sarcomere lengths, while others toughened at higher sarcomere lengths. The current data demonstrated that the effect of tenderstretch on the length of sarcomeres and its influence on palatability varied between muscles, Overall the difference between the two tenderstretch methods was for the aitch method to produce meat that was 3.2 units more palatable than the ligament hanging method.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.201-220
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• 1992

To analyze royal nad Chinese envoy procession, and sacrificial rite of Chinese envoy for Choson Dynasty, the author studied historic book-Youngjeob Dogam Sajechong Euigwae of Choson Dynasty(1609 year) in which Chinese envoy procession for sacrificial rite in Choson Dynasty were described. The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1. Sacrificial rite of Chinese envoy for Choson Dynasty were Yellow paper burning and performing a sacrificial rite of chinese envoy. 2. Order of Chinese envoy procession for Yellow paper burng and performint a sacrificial rite of Chinese envoy, was civil and military officers, flag procession, drum, palanquin of incense, palanquin of guneral oration, palaquin of material for guneral expenses, palanquin of rich viands and sumptuous fare and Chinese envoy. 3. Things offered in sacrifice of Yellow paper burning were fried cake made of wheat flour, honey and oil, fried gutinous rice cake, patterned savory cake, fruits, meat fish and others broil, slices of boiled beef, soup, stew, noodles, 3cups of alcohol, rice cake and water. 4. Things offered in sacrifice of performing a sacrificial rite of Chinese envoy were a cattle, a hog, a sheep, 3 cups of alcohol and etc.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2021

Camel (camelus dromedarius) is a unique large mammalian species that can survive harsh environmental conditions and produce milk, meat, and wool. Camel reproduction is inferior when compared to other farm animal species such as cattle and sheep. Several trials have been reported to increase camel reproduction and production through assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization and cloning. For these reasons, obtaining enough mature oocytes is a cornerstone for ARTs. This demand would be improved by the oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) systems. In this review, the current approaches and views from different laboratories using ARTs and the IVM to produce embryos in vitro in camel species. For the last two decades, conventional IVM system was the common approach, however, recently the bi-phasic IVM system has been introduced and showed promising improvement in IVM of camel oocytes. Detailed studies are needed to understand camel meiosis and IVM to efficiently increase the production of this species.