• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

본(本) 시험(試驗)에서는 젖소액비의 시용수준(施用水準)이 담근먹이 옥수수의 생육(生育), 수량(收量), 토양변화(土壤變化) 및 토양중(土壤中) 침출수(浸出水) 변화(變化)에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)코자 1996년 3월부터 1997년 11월까지 2년동안 축산기술연구소 사료작물 포장에서 수행(遂行)되었다. 간장 및 조단백질 함량은 액비(液肥) 150%구에서 각각 264cm, 6.8%로 가장 높았지만, 건물수량(乾物收量)과 TDN 수량(收量)은 화학비료구(化學肥料區)(T1)가 각각(各各) 14.5톤/ha, 9.5톤/ha로 가장 높았는데 액비로 시용할 경우, 액비 100%구(100톤/ha)가 각각(各各) 14.0톤/ha, 9.1톤/ha으로 T1구의 96% 및 97% 수준(水準)이었다. 토양산도(土壤酸度)는 시험전(試驗前) 토양에서 보다 시험 후 액상분뇨(液狀糞尿) 시용구(施用區) 토양에서 낮게 나타났다. 토양의 유기물(有機物) 함량과 인산 함량은 시험전(試驗前)에 비하여 시험(試驗) 후(後)에 액상분뇨처리구에서 높게 나타났지만 시용량(施用量)을 증가에 따른 비레적 증가는 나타나지 않았다. 한편 액비시용에 따른 침출수 중 $NO_3-N$ 함량은 전기간(全期間)에 걸쳐서 가축의 음용허용치(飮用許容値)보다 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때 젖소액비의 적정시용량은 질소 함량 기준으로 200kg/ha(액비 100톤)시용이 적합하였다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.891-906
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• 2016

This study examined the working site environment of Korean native cattle raising farmers and their actual condition of wearing personal protective equipment as part of preventing disasters during agricultural work. To this end, 160 Korean cattle raising farmers were surveyed and a site visit was performed on 10 farms. According to an examination of the cattle breeding environment, the major harmful factors were in the following order: fine dust (12.8%), organic feed dust (10.3%), contact with cattle (9.7%), manure (8.2%), germs and viruses (8.1%), harmful gases (7.4), contact with obstacles (6.7), and temperature (6.6%). The current status of the rate of wearing protection was in the order of gloves (20.9%), working hats (19.7%), boots (19.6%), masks (10.9%), protective clothing (8.9%), and specialized working clothing (6.6%). Nevertheless, most Korean cattle raising farmers recognized the risks when they did not wear protective equipment and the need for wearing protectors, but they mostly did not wear personal protective equipment due to a lack of knowledge on the selection of appropriate personal protective equipment and the discomfort they experience when they put on protectors. Even when they put on protective equipment, 38% was inappropriate for the farming work environment. Given the research results, improvements on and the development of specialized working clothing and personal protective equipment to protect farmers from harmful and dangerous materials from the cattle nurturing environment is necessary. Overall, based on the study data, objectified data collection, a determination of the necessary performance elements of personal protective equipment, and R&D will be needed through an on-site current status investigation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.427-440
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• 2023

The current study evaluated carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from beef and pork production and distribution chains in the South Korean meat industry. Data from industrial example farms and slaughterhouses were assessed on the basis of both the guidelines from the United Kingdom's Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2050:2011 and the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute carbon footprint calculation. The main factors for our estimations were animal feeds, manure waste, transportation, energy and water, refrigerants, and package data. Our analyses show that 16.55 kg CO₂ equivalent (eq) was emitted during the production of 1 kg of live cattle. When retail yields and packing processes were considered, the CO₂-eq of 1 kg of packaged Hanwoo beef was 27.86 kg. As for pigs, emissions from 1 kg of live pigs and packaged pork meat were 2.62 and 12.75 kg CO₂-eq, respectively. While we gathered data from only two farms and slaughterhouses and our findings can therefore not be extrapolated to all meats produced in the South Korean meat industry, they indicate that manure waste is the greatest factor affecting ultimate CO₂ emissions of packaged meats.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2005

The nitrogen (N) balance in Korea during 1985-1997 was calculated according to the surface balance method of the PARCOM guidelines and compared with Japanese N balance. The some differences were founded in the coefficients used on calculating N balance in two nations. Of the important parameters, which can make a big difference in balance, N input by organic fertilizers was not included in Korea different with Japanese, due to absence of reliable statistics and then made lower the input. Nitrogen destruction rate from livestock manure was adjusted differently with 15% in Korea but 28% in Japan. There was some difference in the conversion factors of livestock number into manure N quantity in two nations, but the gap was ignoble scale except beef cattle. Our manure N production rate of beef cattle might be evaluated to be so lower than Japanese. Biological N fixation by pulses was very higher in Korea than in Japan but scarcely affect the increase of total N input, due to small cultivation area. In contrast, N fixation rate by free-living organisms in Korean and Japanese wet paddies showed the big difference with 7.6 and $37.0kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively, and therefore $29.4kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ of nitrogen was estimated to be more inputted in Japan. Although there are many points to be more specified and improved, still, Korean N balance was very high with $250-257kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the mid of 1990s, which was the second highest level in OECD countries and furthermore increased continuously during the investigation. In contrast in Japan, which has similar fanning system with Korea, N balance was lower with $130-158kg\;ha^{-1}$ and has decreased continuously since 1993. This high N balance was mainly due to a high usage of chemical fertilizers in our intensive fanning system and the fast increment of livestock feeding. Therefore, the more active action to decrease chemical fertilizer utilization and reduce livestock feeding density is required in the government and farmer sides.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2014

음식물 쓰레기는 산완충능(buffer capacity)이 충분하지 않아 포집과 운송기간 동안 유기산이 축적될 수 있고 몰리브덴이나 코발트와 같은 미량원소가 부족할 수 있기 때문에 가축분뇨는 음식물 쓰레기와 혼합소화 시 부족한 메탄생성량을 보충할 수 있는 혼합기질로서 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 본 논문에서는 성공적인 혐기공정 설계 및 안정적 운영을 위한 우리 나라 유래 대상기질의 실제성상 특징과 메탄가스 발생사이의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 서울시의 8개 기초자치단체(강남, 강동, 송파, 영등포, 관악, 구로, 동작, 용산)의 음식물 쓰레기 중간 집하장이나 처리시설에서 음식물 쓰레기를 채취하였다. 음식물 쓰레기의 고형물 함량은 평균 16%를 보였고 잠재 메탄발생량은 평균 $446.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$로서 $334.8{\sim}567.5STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$의 범위를 가진다. 우분의 고형물 함량과 잠재메탄 발생량은 각각 평균 26%과 $280.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$로 타나났다. 잠재 메탄발생량은 고위발열량, 지방 함량, 탄소함량, 수소함량과 양의 상관관계를 가지고 탄수화물 함량과 음의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다($r^2>0.8$). 따라서 이러한 기질특성 분석결과를 통해 잠재 메탄발생량을 비교적 정확하게 예측하였다. 본 연구에서는 단일 기질과 잠재 메탄발생량을 분석하였으나 향후는 최대 메탄발생량을 위하여 혼합기질 (음식물쓰레기, 가축분뇨, 수분조절제 등)의 최적조합을 결정하는 연구가 수행하여야 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2000

OECD농업/환경위원회 요청에 의하여 질소양분 균형지표 (Input-Output)설정을 위한 기초자료가 되는 비료소비량, 가축분생산량 생물적 질소고정량, 작물흡수량, 탈질량 및 작물부산물 회수량 등을 조사하였다. 질소균형지표는 1997기준, 탈질량을 포함할 경우와 포함하지 않을 때 각각 ha당 158kg, 211kg이었으나 OECD에서 요구하는 탈질량과 작물 부산물 회수량을 제외하는 경우는 250kg으로 산출되었다. 질소균형지표를 연도별로 비교해 보면 1985년 기준 $70{\sim}162kg\;ha^{-1}$에 비하여 1997년은 1.7~2.3배나 증가되었으며, 주요인은 가축분생산량 및 화학비료 소비량 증가와 경지면적 감소 때문이었다. 질소균형지표의 구성비율은 1997년을 기준으로 하여 질소의 Input에서 화학비료 59%, 가축분뇨 42%, 기타 5%이며 (가축분중 질소휘산량은 6%임), Output는 작물생산 73%, 부산물 회수량 23%, 목초생산 4%이였다. OECD사무국에서 검토한 자료(안)에 의하면 1995~1997년 기준 탈질량과 부산물회수를 통한 질소 질소제거량을 제외한 질소균형지표는 우리나라가 $253kg\;ha^{-1}$으로 네델란드의 $262kg\;ha^{-1}$ 다음으로 회원국중 두번째로 높으며, 일본은 $135kg\;ha^{-1}$이었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2002

본 연구는 가축분뇨의 시용수준과 이의 효과를 증진시키기 위한 추가적인 화학비료 시용수준이 사료작물의 생산성과 이에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향에 대한 것으로써, lysimeter에서 옥수수에 대한 액상발효우분 시용수준과 추가적인 요소N의 시용수준에 따라 질소의 이용효율과 함께 NO$_3$$^{-}$의 용탈에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향을 정확히 규명, 가축분뇨의 자원화는 물론 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지대책 수립을 하고자 수행하였는데 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수의 건물수량은 액상발효우분 및 요소 시용수준이 증가함에 따라 비례적으로 증가하였다. 2. 옥수수 중의 전질소 함량은 액상발효우분 및 요소의 시용수준이 증가함에 따라 증가를 하였다. 3. 용탈수 중의 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 함량은 평균 7.58ppm (6.27~9.02ppm)으로 매우 낮았고 시용수준간에도 차이가 거의 없었다. 그러나 강우량이 높은 시기에 NO$_3$￣의 용탈 함량도 증가하였다.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

Odor generated during composting of livestock manure is mainly due to ammonia emission. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to analyze the efficiency of using fresh compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and recycled compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the fresh compost. Residence time was controlled by the flow rate of exhaust gas and the depth of filtering materials. At the aeration rate of 30 L/min(experiment I), ammonia reduction rate varied from 100% to -15% for biofilter A(residence time 56.5 s) and almost 100% for biofilter B(residence time 113 s). At the aeration rate of 30 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 80.5% for biofilter A and 99.9% for biofilter B. At the aeration rate of 50 L/min(experiment II), the lowest reduction rate showed a negative value of -350% on the 8th and 9th day for biofilter A(residence time 33.9 5), and 50% on the loth day for biofilter B(residence time 67.8s). At the aeration rate of 50 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 82.5% fur biofilter A and 97.4% for biofilter B. Filtering efficiency was influenced by residence time. The moisture content(MC) and total nitrogen(T-N) of the filtering material were increased by absorbing moisture and ammonia included in the exhaust gas, while pH was decreased and total carbon(T-C) remained unchanged during the filtering operation.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Animal manures are one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gases and improper manage-ment of animal wastes contributes to the increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Con-verting greenhouse gases generated from animal manures to energy is one way of contributing to the net-zero carbon emissions. METHODS AND RESULTS: The potential for methane production from cow manure (CM) was studied by measuring the methane yield using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test. In particular, the effect of co-digestion using rice straw (RM) on the methane production was studied. The methane yields from the co-digestion of CM and RS were statistically similar to that from the mono-digestion of CM or RS. But there was a synergy effect at the CM:RS ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. This can be attributed to the increased C/N ratio. The changed microbial community structure with the addition of substrates (CM, RS) probably led to the increase in the methane produc-tion. CONCLUSION(S): The methane production potential of the particular CM used in this study was not improved by the addition of RS as a co-substrate. The addition of substrates to the anaerobic sludge promoted the increase in the microbial species having synergetic relationship with methano-gens, and this can partially explain the increase in the methane production with the addition of substrates. Overall, there are needs for further studies to improve the methane yield from CM.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.671-678
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• 2023

Objective: Previous studies isolated the thermophilic ammonium-tolerant (TAT) bacterium Bacillus sp. TAT105 that grew in composting swine manure with the assimilation of ammonium nitrogen and reduced ammonia emissions during composting. Those studies also investigated the potential for applications of TAT105 to composting. It was observed that the concentration of TAT bacteria, phylogenetically close to TAT105, increased during composting. The objectives of this study were to identify the phylogenetic placement of these TAT bacteria and investigate their distribution in various composts. Methods: The phylogenetic placement of TAT105 was examined based on the sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The genomic DNA homology between TAT105 and the type strains of bacterial species that were phylogenetically close to TAT105 were examined by DNA-DNA hybridization. Moreover, the tolerances of these strains to NH₄Cl and NaCl were analyzed using a cultivation method. Concentrations of TAT bacteria in various composts were evaluated using an agar medium specific to TAT bacteria and polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: TAT105 was most closely related to Bacillus thermolactis and Bacillus kokeshiiformis. Many variants of these species have been detected in various environments, including composts. The type strains of these species displayed TAT characteristics that were similar to those of TAT105. Among the composts examined in this study, TAT bacteria were detected at high concentrations (10⁵ to 10⁹ colony forming units per gram of dry matter) in most of the composts made from cattle manure, swine manure, bark, and excess sludge. Conclusion: TAT bacteria comprised B. thermolactis, B. kokeshiiformis, and their phylogenetically close relatives. They were considered to be adaptable to composting of some certain materials, and a favorable target for searching for strains with some useful function that could be applied to composting of these materials.