• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.97-121
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• 2015

In this research, we examine whether and why temporal distance influences evaluations of two different types of brand extensions: concept-based extensions, defined as extensions primarily based on the importance or relevance of brand concepts to extension products; and similarity-based extensions, defined as extensions primarily based on the amount of feature similarity at the product-category level. In Study 1, we test the hypothesis that concept-based extensions are evaluated more favorably when they are framed to launch in the distant rather than in the near future, whereas similaritybased extensions are evaluated more favorably when they are framed to launch in the near rather than in the distant future. In Study 2, we confirm that this time-dependent differential evaluation is driven by the difference in construal level between the bases of the two types of extensions - i.e., brand-concept consistency and product-category feature similarity. As such, we find that conceptbased extensions are evaluated more favorably under the abstract than concrete mindset, whereas similarity-based extensions are evaluated more favorably under the concrete than abstract mindset. In Study 3, we extend to the case for a broad brand (i.e., brands that market products across multiple categories), finding that making accessible a specific product category of a broad parent brand influences evaluations of near-future, but not distant-future, brand extensions. Combined together, our findings suggest that temporal distance influences brand extension evaluation through its effect on the importance placed on brand concepts and feature similarity. That is, consumers rely on different bases to evaluate brand extensions, depending on their perception of when the extensions take place and on under what mindset they are placed. This research makes theoretical contributions to the brand extension research by identifying one important determinant to brand extension evaluation and also uncovering its underlying dynamics. It also contributes to expanding the scope of the construal level theory by putting forth a novel interpretation of two bases of perceived fit in terms of construal level. Marketers who are about to launch and advertise brand extensions may benefit by considering temporal-distance information in determining what content to deliver about extensions in their communication efforts. Conceptual relation of a parent brand to extensions needs to be emphasized in the distant future, whereas feature similarity should be highlighted in the near future.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2012

The applicability of Diabetes Mellitus(DM) in Oriental Medicine might be placed under the category in Wasting-thirst(消渴, WT). However, because of WT having so various concepts, classification, and names in Oriental Medicine, this resulted in confusion in applying WT treatment to DM. WT occurs mainly due to dryness-heat(燥熱) which by depleting 'Fluid and Humor'(津液) makes symptoms of thirst(口渴) swift digestion with rapid hungering(消穀善饑) frequent urination(小便頻數) according to the "Internal Classic"(內經). WT was also called Sodan(消癉), Bidan(脾癉), or Sojoong(消中) in the "Internal Classic", which was caused by not only the disorder of 'five viscera' (五臟), but also the failure of 'three yin and three yang'(三陰三陽). However, the doctors of those days had a tendency to manage WT (including DM) with herbal drugs of dryness-heat or with drugs that recover the pancreas and the kidney, that have a tendency to appreciate that WT is the disease of 'five viscera'(五臟). Accoding to the "Internal Classic"(內經) and "Jinguiyaolue"(金匱要略), WT was appreciated that WT is also due to the disorder of Meridian including 'three yin and three yang'(三陰三陽) theory. Disorder of 'yang brightness'(陽明) or 'reverting yin'(厥陰) would cause Wasting-thirst(消渴), so the 'three yin and three yang'(三陰三陽) theory should be considered in WT treatments. Furthermore, 'yang brightness'(陽明) and 'reverting yin'(厥陰) all belong to 'the door'(闔) in the bolt-door-pivot(關闔樞) theory, and the mean of 'the door'(闔) is the function of storage, so we could understood WT is the wasting disease due to the disorder of 'the door'(闔) system in Meridian. WT should also be understood by the point of the bolt-door-pivot(關闔樞) theory in addition to the 'three yin and three yang'(三陰三陽) theory.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.187-201
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• 2022

Purpose: This study discovered a substantive theory of the experience and process of peer support work among people with mental illness. Methods: The participants were members of community-based mental health facilities and had been working as peer supporters for more than six months. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twelve participants and analyzed using Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory approach. Results: The core category was "becoming a healer going with patients in the journey of recovery," and the core phenomenon was "identity confusion as a peer supporter." The causal conditions were "starting peer support work without certainty" and "standing at the boundary between the therapist and patient." The intervening conditions were "willingness to become a successful peer supporter," "feeling a sense of homogeneity with the patient," "accepting the mental illness," and "support from people around." The action and interaction strategies were "letting go of greed," "being open about oneself," "developing professional skills," "maintaining wellness in the body and mind," and "being with the patient." The consequences were "becoming a useful person," "changing attitude toward life," "expansion of the sense of self-existence," "recovering from mental illness," and "discovering a role as peer supporter." Finally, the substantive theory of "becoming a healer going with patients in the journey of recovery" was derived. Conclusion: This study provides a holistic understanding of peer support work and the implications of interventions to help people with mental illness in a person-centered recovery process.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.419-425
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• 2023

이 연구는 역대의 문헌 기록에 근거한다. 제2장에서는 '일(逸)'의 개념 및 그의 변천에 대한 전반적인 이해를 도모했다. 그 다음으로 '일'의 고대 서화론에서 용필기법 측면과 필묵성정(筆墨性情) 측면, 두 가지 다른 개념으로 발전하였음을 고찰했다. 제3장은 '일'의 용필기법 측면에서 '일'은 서사(書寫)를 완성할 때의 속도, 서세(書勢), 필력 같은 기교를 말하는 형용사로 주로 사용됨을 확인하였다. 제4장은 '일'의 필묵성정 측면에서 '일'은 서화의 품격의 고하 대신에 작가, 화가의 인품 고하를 평가하는 용어로서 그들의 뛰어난 품성을 가리킴을 고찰하였다. 이 연구는 고대 성현의 서예론 연구를 바탕으로 '일'의 핵심적인 정신을 탐색하면서 '일'로부터 파생된 서화론의 관점을 체계적으로 정리하고 분석하였다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2013

Purpose - For the past several decades, behavioral economics or behavioral decision theory has undergone rapid development. This study provides a critical review of the development of behavioral economics with a focus on what are deemed to be core theories in the field. Starting from the utility function proposed by Daniel Bernoulli in the 18th century, the development history of utility functions until the emergence of the prospect theory is thoroughly reviewed. Some of the experimental results violating the traditionally assumed utility function and supporting the prospect theory value function are summarized. The most representative principles of rational choice are transitivity, independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA), and regularity. The development of behavioral economics has been triggered by finding counter-examples to these principles. Some of the choice behaviors discussed in this study as counter-examples to the traditional theories of rational choice are the St. Petersburg paradox; the Allais paradox; gambling behavior; and the various context effects including the similarity effect, attraction effect, and the compromise effect. The Elimination-by-Aspects (EBA) model, which was proposed as an explanation for the similarity effect, is discussed in detail as well. Based on the literature review and further analysis, this study summarizes the relationship between the context effects, prospect theory, and EBA model. Research design, data, and methodology - This study provides an extensive literature review on several important theories in the field of behavioral decision theory and adds some critical comments to the theories and the relationships among them. This study first reviews the development of utility functions. Daniel Bernoulli introduced the concept of utility function to solve the St. Petersburg paradox. In the mid-20th century, Herbert Simon proposed the "satisficing" heuristic and presented a value function with a shape different from traditional utility functions. This study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of several utility functions proposed until the emergence of the prospect theory value function. Results - This study posits that prospect theory and EBA model are the two most important theories in the field of behavioral decision theory. They can explain various choice behaviors that traditional utility maximization analysis has been unable to. The application of these models to various fields is further increasing nowadays. This study explains how prospect theory and the EBA model can be used to explain the context effects. Conclusions - The traditional economic theory relies on a single variable called "utility" in explaining consumer choice. However, this study argues that, in investigating consumer choice, several other variables should also be considered. These are the similarity among alternatives, an alternative's prototypicality within the category, the dominance relationship between alternatives, and the reference point in evaluating alternatives. Due to the development of behavioral economics, we are now closer to a more complete understanding of consumer choice behavior than in the past when we had only a single tool called utility.

• 논리연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.217-241
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• 2015

브랜덤은 지칭의 대용어 이론을 주장한다. 이 이론에 따르면 지칭은 언어적인 것들 사이의 대용어적 의존관계이지 결코 언어적인 것과 비언어적인 것 사이의 실질적 관계가 아니다. 또한 '지칭한다'는 '''라이프니츠"라고 지칭된 사람'과 같은 대용어적 간접 기술어구를 형성하기 위해 사용되는 대명사형성 조작어이다. 그런데 최근 보베는 이 이론에 대해 세 가지 비판들을 제기한다. 첫째, 대용어 이론은 일상적 기술어구와 대용어적 간접 기술어구를 반복 가능성 조건으로 구분한다. 그러나 이 조건은 대용어적 간접 기술어구들이 고유한 의미론적 범주를 형성한다고 주장할 수 있는 적절한 근거가 아니다. 둘째, '그'와 같은 대명사를 포함한 문장과 '''라이프니츠"라고 지칭된 사람'과 같은 대용어적 간접 기술어구를 포함한 문장은 양상적 위상에서 차이가 있다. 따라서 대용어적 간접 기술구들은 의미론적으로 전형적인 대용어들과 다르다. 셋째, 대용어 이론에 따르면 'a' 형태의 표현들과 이에 대응하는 '''a"에 의해 지칭되는 것'은 서로 대체될 수 있다. 그런데 대용어, 선행어 등과 같은 개념들 대신 동등함, 대체가능성 등과 같이 보다 일반적인 의미론적 개념들을 사용함으로써 동등한 주장을 할 수 있기 때문에 대용어 이론은 설명적으로 공허하다. 이 논문에서 필자는 보베의 비판들이 지칭의 대용어 이론에 큰 문젯거리가 아님을 주장한다. 이를 통해 지칭의 대용어 이론이 '지칭한다'에 관해 옳은 통찰을 주는 유망한 이론이라고 주장한다.

• 인지과학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.133-164
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• 2012

폴 처칠랜드는 인지신경생물학과 연결주의 AI의 연구 성과로부터, 상태공간 표상이론을 제안하였다. 그 표상이론에 따르면 세계의 다양한 현상들에 대한 우리의 표상은 신경세포 또는 신경세포집단의 활동에 대응하는 위상 상태공간의 지점들로 재현될 수 있다. 그러한 표상 체계를 모의하는 연결주의 AI 신경망은 은닉유닛들 속에 우리가 세계를 인지할 의미론의 범주 체계를 담아내는 것으로 해석된다. 그러한 해석의 관점에 따르면, 신경망은 세계에 대한 범주체계를 은닉 유닛들이 갖는 위상 상태공간의 특정 지점이라고 주장한다. 그러나 포도와 르포르는 그러한 전망을 어둡게 본다. 그의 전망에 따르면, '차원의 개별화' 가능성, 내용 동일성의 '분석/종합 구분'의 측면, 그리고 '부차적 정보'에 따른 상태공간의 상이성 등을 고려할 때 새로운 표상이론은 의미론적 내용 동일성을 주장하기 어렵다. 그 상태공간 표상은 유사성의 기준을 전제하기 때문이다. 본 논문은 처칠랜드 표상이론의 제안과 포도와 르포르의 비판 중에 어느 것이 더 설득력을 갖는지 검토한다. 상태공간 표상이론에 대한 필자의 이해에 따르면, 인공 그물망은 학습알고리즘에 따라서 스스로 내용 유사성의 분별 기준을 조성한다. 이러한 근거에서 포도와 르포르의 지적은 처칠랜드 표상이론에 대한 적절한 공격이 되지 못한다. 또한 그 표상이론은 미래의 인공지능 시스템이 의식 이하의 수준에서 세계를 인지할 개념체계를 어떻게 담아낼 수 있을지 우리에게 이해를 제공한다. 따라서 우리는 앞으로 인지과학 연구의 초점을 무엇에 집중해야 할지도 전망할 수 있게 되었다.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined grandmothers' experience of child care with grandchildren to understand how it affects their stage of life based on the methodology of grounded theory. Methods: This study used grounded theory, a method of qualitative study, as the theoretical foundation. The subjects of this study were 10 grandmothers who have reared their grandchildren for at least 6 months and volunteered to participate in the study after listening to an explanation. Resources were collected through in-depth interviews and the interviews were recorded and dictated. Results: The core category of participants in this study was "solidifying the family relationship". There were five steps in the process of "solidifying the family relationship". The first step of process was "affection motion" of rearing to help their daughters. The second step was "conflict" due to physical constraint and burden of child care. The third step was "acceptance" based on compensation and support and the fourth step was "development" in search of their ego. The last step was "integration" of family relationship. Conclusion: This study provided basic data for appropriate nursing intervention to grandmother to care for their grandchildren according to the five steps of grandmother's child care experience process.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.12-35
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• 2011

Objectives: The two criteria to clarify the toxicity of a herbal diet are well known. Although mechanical analysis of effective ingredients, a western approach, is widely used, the toxicity presence classification through the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of a theory of the herbal medicine properties has been disregarded. This study is for the safe use of a herbal diet through classification and study of toxicity presence in the herbal diet from the view of a theory of herbal medicine properties, one of the methods of Oriental Medicine. Methods: We classified and studied the toxicity presence in four kinds of herbal diets, waters and grains, animals groups, fruits and vegetables, and herbs and trees, excluding mineral natural drugs, of 1,400 kinds of medicines in 16 chapters of Tang-aec-pyeon, Dong-ui-bo-gam, for which the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of the theory of the herbal medicine properties has been used. The criteria of the toxicity presence in the herbal diet have been largely classified into the toxicant and the non-toxicant, and the toxicant is in turn classified into the insignificant, the medium and the significant. The category to clarify herbal diet has been limited to simultaneous utilization of food and natural drugs. The main text is Dong-ui-bo-gam, although diverse other references have also been used. Results: There are toxicant diets: a kind of tortoise meat of animals groups; five kinds of grains part in fruits and vegetables: aengdo, peach, oyat, small apple and gingko nut; and 12 kinds of vegetables part in fruits and vegetables: ginger, oriental cabbage, lettuce, chongbaek, onion, garlic, leek, fern, houttuynia cordata (myeol), pyeongji, geundae, and spinach, which should be prohibited from long-term use both as food and medicine. Conclusion: If herbal diet is used as health food supplements or food, the toxicity presence should be considered on the grounds of an Oriental Medicine theory of the herbal medicine properties.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.719-731
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• 2005

Purpose: This research was conducted to explore the experience of middle-aged women parting with their children and to develop a grounded theory. Method: The participants were 11 women in their 50's who had experienced parting with their children due to schooling, military service and marriage. The grounded theory methodology based on symbolic interactionism was used. Results: 106 concepts, 30 subcategories and 14 categories were derived from the analysis through processes of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The central phenomenon was 'happy but sad' and the core category was a process of 'independence that is sorrowful yet delightful'. Four types were identified; the independent-type; submissive -type; family-reliant-type ; and fragile-type; based on the attachment to the child, state of mind, satisfaction of the situation, family support system and self-achievement. Conclusion: This research identified that the modern Korean middle-aged women who are considered to be the 'sandwich generation' since they have experienced a turbulent history and the change from a confucian parent-child lifestyle to a couple-oriented one, moved away from an attitude dependent on children in parting with them and started preparing for an independent late life. Based on the results, the verification research is advised on the variables that affect the experience of parting with children.