• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.97-115
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• 2013

The world-wide principal criteria of aircraft operations is ICAO Annex 6. Operations of Aircraft. Among ICAO Annex 6, Part I is for International Commercial Air Transport - Aeroplanes and it assumes major part of civil aviation. ICAO has been providing Contracting States with SARPs(Standards and Recommended Practices) and monitor each State's reflection degree into their domestic air law, so-called USOAP(Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program). Current ICAO USOAP is Snap-shot method, but it will be changed to USOAP-CMA method from the year of 2013. ICAO USOAP results have overall effects on national aviation industry such as routes, insurance, airlines cooperation and so forth. Low grades of results attract international attention and that leads to flag carrier's operation stoppage, route restriction, airlines cooperation restriction, insurance increase directly or indirectly. Thus it is important to get excellent grades in ICAO USOAP and to maintain confidence. Our government ranked top to get 98.89 grades in 2008 ICAO USOAP but after 2008 the revised provisions have not been reflected sufficiently into our air law. So I would like to grip reflection ratio of ICAO Annex 6 Part I into our domestic air law by using the most updated revised edition on this paper. Together I would like to suggest alternatives for the non-reflected and partially reflected.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.517-531
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• 1999

This paper presents the development of the 2-mode variable gain high power amplifier for a transmitter of INMARSAT-M operating at L-band(1626.5-1646.5 MHz). This SSPA(Solid State Power Amplifier) is amplified 42 dBm in high power mode and 36 dBm in low power mode for INMARSAT-M. The allowable error sets +1 dBm of an upper limit and -2 dBm of a lower limit, respectively. To simplify the fabrication process, the whole system is designed by two parts composed of a driving amplifier and a high power amplifier, The HP's MGA-64135 and Motorola's MRF-6401 are used for driving amplifier, and the ERICSSON's PTE-10114 and PTF-10021 are used the high power amplifier. The SSPA was fabricated by the circuits of RF, temperature compensation and 2-mode gain control circuit in aluminum housing. The gain control method was proposed by controlling the voltage for the 2-mode. In addition, It has been experimentally verified that the gain is controlled for single tone signal as well as two tone signals. The realized SSPA has 42 dB and 36 dB for small signal gain within 20 MHz bandwidth, and the VSWR of input and output port is less than 1.5:1 The minimum value of the 1 dB compression point gets 5 dBm for 2-mode variable gain high power amplifier. A typical two tone intermodulation point has 32.5 dBc maximum which is single carrier backed off 3 dB from 1 dB compression point. The maximum output power of 43 dBm was achieved at the 1636.5 MHz. These results reveal a high power of 20 Watt, which was the design target.the design target.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.925-930
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• 1998

EPMA and XPS on $Bi_2Sr_2-\chi_LCa_1+\chi_LCu_2O_{8+d}$($\chi_L$ = 0.01, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) films by LPE method were performed in order to investigate Sr and Ca distributions in SrO- and Ca-layers. It is found that $T_C^{zero}$ carrier concentration and lattice parameter c monotonically decreases with increasing $\chi_L$. Sr and Ca contents in Ca-layer change in proportion to that in melt. On the other hand, in SrO-layer, Ca content strongly depends on Sr content in that layer and not on Ca content in melt. Since deficiency in SrO-layer increases and $T_C^{zero}$ creases with $\chi_L$,t is found that the deficiencies of Sr and Ca atoms in the SrO-layer has a influence on reducing $T_C^{zero}$.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.27-51
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• 2007

The cumulative result of the work by the ICAO Secretariat, the Secretariat Study Group and the Council Special Group on the Modernization of the Rome Convention of 1952 are two draft Conventions, namely: "Draft Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties, in case of Unlawful Interference", and "Draft Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties" The core provisions of the former draft Convention are as follows: The liability of the operator is strict, that is, without the necessity of proof of fault. It would be liable for damage sustained by third parties on condition only that the damage was caused by an aircraft in flight(Article 3). However, such liability is caped based on the weight of the aircraft(Article 4). It is envisaged to create an independent organization called the Supplementary Compensation Mechanism, with the principle purpose to pay compensation to persons suffering damage in the territory of a State Party, and to provide financial support(Article 8). Compensation shall be paid by the SCM to the extent that the total amount of damages exceeds the Article 4 limits(Article 19). The main issues on the farmer draft Convention are relating to breaking away from Montreal Convention 1999, no limits on individual claims but a global limitation on air carrier liability, insurance coverage, cap of operators' strict liability, and Supplementary Compensation Mechanism. The core provisions of the latter draft Convention are as follows: the liability of the operator is strict, up to a certain threshold tentatively set at 250,000 to 500,000 SDRs. Beyond that, the operator is liable for all damages unless it proves that such damage were not due to its negligence or that the damages were solely due to the negligence of another person(Article 3). The provisions relating to the SCM and compensation thereunder do not operate under this Convention, as the operator is potentially for the full amount of damages caused. The main issues on the latter draft Convention are relating to liability limit of operator, and definition of general risks. In conclusion, we urge ICAO to move forward expeditiously on the draft Convention to establish a third party liability and compensation system that can stand ready to protect both third party victims and the aviation industry before another 9/11-scale event occurs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 1990

The contribution of endogenous transport systems to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of basic and acidic drugs was studied by using a carotid injection technique in rats and an isolated bovine cerebrovascular disease state were compared between the normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which have been well established as an animal model with pathogenic similarities to humans. Basic drugs such as eperisone, thiamine and scopolamine inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner the in vivo uptake of $[{^3}H]choline$ through BBB, whereas amino acids and acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and valproic acid did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP increased with time and showed a remarkable temperature dependency. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP showed the very similar inhibitory effects as observed in the in vivo brain uptake, and was competitively inhibited by a basic drug, eperisone. The in vivo BBB uptakes of $[^3H]acetic$ acid and $[^{14}C]salicylic$ acid were dependent on pH of the injectate and the concentration of drugs. Several acidic drugs such such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and valproic acid inhibited the in vivo uptake of $[^3H]acetic$ acid, whereas amino acid, choline and a basic drug such as eperisone did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of acetic acid by B-CAP was competitively inhibited by salicylic acid. The permeability surface area product (PS) through BBB for $[^3H]choline$ in SHRSP was significantly lower than that in WKY. The concentration of choline in the brain dialysate in SHRSP was about half of that in WKY, while no significant difference was observed in the plasma concentration of choline between SHRSP and WKY. No significant difference was observed in the transport of monocarboxylic acids, glucose and neutral amino acid through BBB between SHRSP and WKY. From these results, it was concluded that BBB transport system of choline contributes to the transport of basic drugs through BBB, that acidic drugs can be transported via a moncarboxylic acid BBB transport system and that the specific dysfuntion of the BBB choline transport in SHRSP was ascribed to the reduction of the maximum velocity of choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluids.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.333-341
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• 1998

The novel integrated device, 1.55 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ DR-LD(distrbuted reflector laser diode) integrated EA-MOD (electro-absorption modulator) as light source, is proposed to improve the device yield and its operational performances. This device can be easily fabricated by the selective MOVPE technique and its fabrication processes are almost the same as the reported 1.55 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ DFB-LD(distributed feedback laser diode) integrated EA-MOD except the asymmetric gratings. The static and dynamic properties are investigated simultaneously by solving the transfer matrix method for light propagation, the time-dependent rate equation for carrier change and schr$\"{o}$dinger equation for QCSE (Quantum-Confined Stark Effect). The performances of the proposed device such as output power, chirp, and extinction ratio are compared with those of DFB-LD integrated EA-MOD. Under 10Gb/s NRZ modulation, we obtain that DR-LD integrated EA-MOD. is 30% higher in output power on the on-state, about 50% lower in chirp, and slightly larger in extinction ratio than DFB-LD integrated EA-MOD.-MOD.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

In this study, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as a hydrophilic polymer carrier to develop solid dispersion formulations for enhancing solubility and dissolution rate of pranlukast, one of poorly soluble drugs that has been broadly used for the treatment of asthma. PEG based solid dispersions with or without poloxamer were prepared by hot melting and solvent evaporation methods. The resultant solid dispersions were characterized by DSC and powder X-ray measurements, and their morphological properties were observed to be partially changed to amorphous state with reduced crystallinity. Dissolution and solubility tests showed that the solubility and dissolution rate of the solid dispersions were significantly enhanced. The solid dispersion formulation prepared by the hot melting method with a chemical composition of pranlukast:PEG:poloxamer = 1:5:1 demonstrated the most enhanced solubility and dissolution rate. The results suggest that the solid dispersions based on PEG and poloxamer are promising systems for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of pranlukast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.767-774
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• 2017

Maritime traffic safety audits (MTSA) were enacted in order to ensure marine traffic safety throughout changes or the construction of water facilities, port facilities, etc. After the introduction of MTSA, the scope of subject vessels was restricted to an LOA of more than 100 m or a maximum speed of more than 60 knots as of 2014. In this study, the scope of subject vessels was re-examined in comparison with specific marine traffic safety areas and tanker prohibited areas identified in the maritime safety act. Furthermore, the state of subject vessels and exception cases for MTSA were also analyzed. As a result of these analyses, MTSA were deemed necessary for dangerous goods carriers of more than 1,000 G/T in specific marine traffic safety areas and dangerous goods carriers of more than 794 G/T in tanker prohibited areas. Finally, the necessity of further review was suggested given the present scope of subject vessels.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.627-642
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• 2022

The world's long reliance on fossil fuels (e.g., oil, coal, and natural gas) is severely changing its environment and climate. Energy research has focused on developing hydrogen as the most promising energy carrier and a key technology for sustainable energy development. Hydrogen can be classified as gray, blue, green, and otherwise according to the raw materials and methods used for production and processing. For the development of hydrogen energy, geologists are attempting to identify the mechanism of abiotic hydrogen generation by serpentinization or hydrothermal alteration. Teams in the United States, France, and Australia have researched laboratory-scale hydrogen production through water-rock interactions under various conditions, whereas there has been almost no research on abiotic hydrogen in South Korea. This paper reviews the current state of international research on hydrothermal alteration and offers suggestions for future investigations of abiotic hydrogen production in South Korea.

• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.244-248
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• 2023

Recently, displays play an important role in quickly delivering a lot of information. Research is underway to reproduce various colors close to natural colors. In particular, research is being conducted on the light emitting structure of displays as a method of expressing accurate and rich colors. Due to the advancement of technology and the miniaturization of devices, the need for small but high visibility displays with high efficiency in energy consumption continues to increase. Efforts are being made in various ways to improve OLED efficiency, such as improving carrier injection, structuring devices that can efficiently recombine electrons and holes in a numerical balance, and developing materials with high luminous efficiency. In this study, the electrical and optical properties of the seven-layer stacked structure rear-light emitting blue OLED device were analyzed. 4,4'-Bis(carazol-9-yl)biphenyl:Ir(difppy)2(pic), a blue light emitting material that is easy to manufacture and can be highly efficient and brightened, was used. OLED device manufacturing was performed via the in-situ method in a high vacuum state of 5×10-8 Torr or less using a Sunicel Plus 200 system. The experiment was conducted with a seven-layer structure in which an electron or hole blocking layer (EBL or HBL) was added to a five-layer structure in which an electron or hole injection layer (EIL or HIL) or an electron or hole transport layer (ETL or HTL) was added. Analysis of the electrical and optical properties showed that the device that prevented color diffusion by inserting an EBL layer and a HBL layer showed excellent color purity. The results of this study are expected to greatly contribute to the R&D foundation and practical use of blue OLED display devices.