• Wind and Structures
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.239-253
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• 2019

Accurate numericalsimulation of wind field over complex terrain is an important prerequisite for wind resource assessment. In this study, numerical simulation of wind field over complex terrain was further carried out by taking the complex terrain around Siu Ho Wan station in Hong Kong as an example. By artificially expanding the original digital model data, Gambit and ICEM CFD software were used to create high-precision complex terrain model with high-quality meshing. The equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer simulation based on RANS turbulence model was carried out in a flat terrain domain, and the approximate inflow boundary conditions for the wind field simulation over complex terrain were established. Based on this, numerical simulations of wind field over complex terrain under different inflow wind directions were carried out. The numerical results were compared with the wind tunnel test and field measurement data for land and sea fetches. The results show that the numerical results are in good agreement with the wind tunnel data and the field measurement data which can verify the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulation. The near ground wind field over complex terrain is complex and affected obviously by the terrain, and the wind field characteristics should be fully understood by numerical simulation when carrying out engineering application on it.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.75-90
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• 2023

Turbulent wind flow over hilly terrains has been extensively investigated in the scientific literature and main findings have been included in technical standards. In particular, turbulent wind flow over nominally two-dimensional hills is often adopted as a benchmark to investigate wind turbine siting, estimate wind loading, and dispersion of particles transported by the wind, such as atmospheric pollutants, wind-driven rain, windblown snow. Windblown sand transport affects human-built structures and natural ecosystems in sandy desert and coastal regions, such as transport infrastructures and coastal sand dunes. Windblown sand transport taking place around any kind of obstacle is rarely in equilibrium conditions. As a result, the modelling of windblown sand transport over complex orographies is fundamental, even if seldomly investigated. In this study, the authors present a wind-sand tunnel test campaign carried out on a nominally two-dimensional sinusoidal hill. A first test is carried out on a flat sand fetch without any obstacle to assess sand transport in open field conditions. Then, a second test is carried out on the hill model to assess the sand flux overcoming the hill and the morphodynamic evolution of the sand sedimenting over its upwind slope. Finally, obtained results are condensed into a dimensionless parameter describing its sedimentation capability and compared with values resulting from other nominally two-dimensional obstacles from the literature.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• v.43
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• pp.174-176
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• 2004

The duplex stainless clad vessel with 38m & over thickness shall be performed to PWHT based on the ASME code. In this case, it is well-known that precipitators such as carbides and sigma($\sigma$) phase are formed at gram boundary between ferrite and austenite phase. Therefore, a weld test for simulating this situation has been planned and performed by 3309LMo71-1 for barrier layer and E2209Tl-1 for 2nd & over layer and then carried out to investigate the overlaid weld metal. Based on the test results, it could be concluded that PWHT should be carried out after the completion of 1st(barrier) layer and then 2 & over layer should be applied.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2002

The present study deals with turbulent flow over a long train of fixed two-dimensional dunes, identical in size and shape. A detailed study was carried out by PIV over a range of flow depths in a fully developed region. The present study confirmed the global features of flow past a fired dune noticed in previous studies, i.e. the size and shape of the reverse flow, the mean velocity and turbulence profiles across the separated and attached flows. The turbulence and shear stress profiles reveal the presence of larger values along the line extending from crest to crest. At stations ahead of the dune crest, the presence of a peak in the streamwise turbulence profiles around y/h = 2 indicates the sustenance of turbulence generated in the separation zone of the previous zone which will be carried over to the next dune.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.164-171
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• 2011

This work focuses on the analysis of bioaerosols in the atmosphere at higher altitudes over Noto Peninsula, Japan. We carried out direct sampling via aircraft, separated cultures, and identified present isolates. Atmospheric bioaerosols at higher altitudes were collected using a Cessna 404 aircraft for an hour at an altitude of 3,500 m over the Noto Peninsula. The aircraft-based direct sampling system was devised to improve upon the system of balloon-based sampling. In order to examine pre-existing microorganism contamination on the surface of the aircraft body, bioaerosol sampling was carried out just before takeoff using the same method as atmospheric sampling. Identification was carried out by a homology search for 16S or 18S rDNA isolate sequences in DNA databases (GenBank). Isolate sampling just before takeoff revealed Stretpomyces sp., Micrococcus sp., and Cladosporium sp. One additional strain, Bacillus sp., was isolated from the sample after bioaerosol collection at high altitude. As the microorganism contamination on the aircraft body before takeoff differed from that while in the air, the presence of additional, higher atmosphere-based microorganisms was confirmed. It was found that Bacillus sp. was floating at an altitude of 3,500 m over Noto Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.2145-2149
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• 2018

The formation of methanol directly from methane and steam was observed over Cu ion-exchanged mordenite. Furthermore, the continuous production of methanol was achieved by co-feeding methane and steam over Cumordenite. The methanol production rate was comparable to that reported in the stepwise process in which activation, methane reaction, and extraction of methanol were carried out separately.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.220-220
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• 2013

Surface-normal transmission electro-absorption modulator (EAM) are attractive for high-definition (HD) three-dimensional (3D) imaging application due to its features such as small system volume and simple epitaxial structure [1,2]. However, EAM in order to be used for HD 3D imaging system requires uniform modulation performance over large area. To achieve highly uniform modulation performance of EAM at the operating wavelength of 850 nm, it is extremely important to remove the GaAs substrate over large area since GaAs material has high absorption coefficient below 870 nm which corresponds to band-edge energy of GaAs (1.424 eV). In this study, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a transmission EAM in which highly selective backside etching methods which include lapping, dry etching and wet etching is carried out to remove the GaAs substrate for achieving highly uniform modulation performance. First, lapping process on GaAs substrate was carried out for different lapping speeds (5 rpm, 7 rpm, 10 rpm) and the thickness was measured over different areas of surface. For a lapping speed of 5 rpm, a highly uniform surface over a large area ($2{\times}1\;mm^2$) was obtained. Second, optimization of inductive coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) was carried out to achieve anisotropy and high etch rate. The dry etching carried out using a gas mixture of SiCl4 and Ar, each having a flow rate of 10 sccm and 40 sccm, respectively with an RF power of 50 W, ICP power of 400 W and chamber pressure of 2 mTorr was the optimum etching condition. Last, the rest of GaAs substrate was successfully removed by highly selective backside wet etching with pH adjusted solution of citric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Citric acid/hydrogen peroxide etching solution having a volume ratio of 5:1 was the best etching condition which provides not only high selectivity of 235:1 between GaAs and AlAs but also good etching profile [3]. The fabricated transmission EAM array have an amplitude modulation of more than 50% at the bias voltage of -9 V and maintains high uniformity of >90% over large area ($2{\times}1\;mm^2$). These results show that the fabricated transmission EAM with substrate removed is an excellent candidate to be used as an optical shutter for HD 3D imaging application.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.706-710
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• 2021

In the current research, thermal and catalytic thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) over natural zeolite (NZ), olivine, bentonite, HZSM-5, and HAl-MCM-41 were investigated using a TG analyzer and model-free kinetic analysis. Catalytic TG analysis of PET was carried out at multi-heating rates, 10, 20, 30, and 40 ℃/min, under nitrogen atmosphere. Apparent activation energy (Ea) values for the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of PET were calculated using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Although natural catalysts, NZ, olivine, and bentonite, could not lead the higher PET decomposition efficiency than synthetic zeolites, HZSM-5 and HAl-MCM-41, maximum decomposition temperatures on the differential TG (DTG) curves for the catalytic pyrolysis of PET, 436 ℃ over olivine, 435 ℃ over bentonite, and 434 ℃ over NZ, at 10 ℃/min, were definitely lower than non-catalytic pyrolysis. Calculated Ea values for the catalytic pyrolysis of PET over natural catalysts, 177 kJ/mol over olivine, 168 kJ/mol over bentonite, and 171 kJ/mol over NZ, were also not lower than those over synthetic zeolites, however, those were also much lower than the thermal decomposition, suggesting their feasibility as the proper and cost-effective catalysts on the pyrolysis of PET.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 2014

The crankshaft is a complex component, and as such, the influence of its geometric parameters on stresses seen under service loads is not well understood. The objectives of this work is to investigate the effects of a wide range of geometric parameters on stresses in crankshafts, to find correlation between results and to formulate simple methods of predicting peak stress levels: It is intended to achieve this by use of fatigue method. Analyses are carried out in 2D and 3D, making use of symmetry as far as possible. Variations in stresses are plotted over a wide range for each of the parameters. The analysis methods give accurate results for stress analysis of crankshafts and offer several advantages over traditional experimental techniques; they are ideally suited to parametric analyses, can be carried out relatively quickly, results are repeatable because boundary conditions can be exactly defined, and the cost of analysis is significantly reduced.The analysis is carried out in ANSYS for crankshaft along for single cylinder camless engine.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.765-774
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• 2009

For over 30 years, investigations of the thermohydraulic behavior of pressurized-water reactors under accident conditions have been carried out in the PKL test facility at AREVA NP in Erlangen, Germany. The PKL facility models the entire primary side and significant parts of the secondary side of a of pressurized water reactor at a height scale of 1:1. Volumes, power ratings and mass flows are scaled with a ratio of 1:145. The experimental facility consists of four primary loops with circulation pumps and steam generators (SGs) arranged symmetrically around the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The investigations carried out encompass a very broad spectrum from accident scenario simulations with large, medium, and small breaks, over the investigation of shutdown procedures after a wide variety of accidents, to the systematic investigation of complex thermohydraulic phenomena. The PKL tests began in the mid 1970s with the support of the German Research Ministry. Since the mid 1980s, the project has also been significantly supported by the German PWR operators. Since 2001, 25 partner organizations from 15 countries have taken part in the PKL investigations with the support and mediation of the OECD/ NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency). After an overview of PKL history and a short description of the facility, this paper focuses on the investigations carried out since the beginning of the international cooperation, and shows, by means of some examples, what insights can be derived from the tests.