• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.391-395
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• 1985

The Retionl Equivalent value and the composition of carotenoids in hen, quail and duck eggs were investigated by thin-layer chromatography. Total carotenoid contents per gram yolk were great in order of hen＞duck＞quail and retinol contents, quail＞duck＞hen. In Retinol Equivalent value, quail showed the highest level and hen showed the lowest level. In hen and quail, the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin of egg yolk were about 75% of their total carotenoid contents and they were about 60% in duck. In all cases, the sum of the concentration of lutein and zeaxantin accounted for more than 60% of the total carotenoid.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Kale (Brassica oleracea) biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. Specifically, carotenoids are affected by temperature, light, and oxygen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold stress (day/night: $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$) on carotenoids in kale leaves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kale was grown in pots for up to 50 days after sowing (DAS) in a greenhouse. For cold acclimation experiments, kale grown in growth chambers for 3 days and was subjected to low temperature for 4 days. The conditions maintained in the growth chambers were as follows: photoperiod, 12/12 h (day/night); light, fluorescent; and relative humidity, 60%. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total carotenoid content gradually increased during cold acclimation for 3 days. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the total carotenoid content was high at $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ treatment, but low at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. The total carotenoid content of kale leaves continuously grown in greenhouse decreased from 50 to 57 DAS (1,418 and 1,160 mgkg-1 dry wt., respectively). The lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents were very low and the zeaxanthin contents were very high at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the ratio of individual to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 4553% for -carotene and 210% for zeaxanthin. CONCLUSION: The ${\beta}-carotene$ and zeaxanthin contents in kale leaves indicate their sensitiveness toward cold stress.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1996

Total carotenoid contents, color values and spectrum characterization in the range of UV of fruit juice and organic acid and free sugar contents determined by HPLC were investigated on 10 varieties of Cheju citrus fruits. Carotenoid contents of juice were 0.47-9.20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml which showed higher with Dangyooja while showed lowest content with Meiwa Kumquat. Lightness (L) of juice was highest in Meiwa Kumquat, and in the order of Sankyool, Navel orange and Hungjin. Redness(a) and yellowness(b) were in the order of Dangyooja, Natsudaidai, Sambokam and Kinkoji. The maximum absorption wavelengths if citrus Juices were variable at 269.5-285.5nm according to varieties and it was observed that were changed by mixing with Juices of other varieties. Major organic acids of citrus juice were citric and malic acid, and citric acid was 64.4-95.1% of total organic acids. Ascorbic acid was high in Navel orange, Sudachi and Dangyooja, and low in Meiwa Kumquat and Hungjin. Major free sugars were sucrose, glucose and fructose. Sucrose was 49.2-75.2% of total free sugars, and high in Sankyool and Meiwa Kumquat. Glucose and fructose were high in Meiwa Kumquat and Navel Orange.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1251-1257
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• 2000

Red pepper powder (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important ingredients for making kimchi. Various aspects of the quality of the red pepper powders (RPP) produced in Korea depending on the varieties and producing districts were compared. The evaluated intrinsic elements were vitamin C, carotenoid, capsaicinoid and free sugar contents and the extrinsic element was ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) colors. The vitamin C content was the highest in Johong (230 mg%) RPP among the varieties and Youngyang (263 mg%) RPP among the producing districts. Myungpum RPP that contains high level of carotenoids showed increased level of ASTA color, it exhibited positive relationship between carotenoid contents and ASTA color. Capsaicinoid level in RPP was the highest in var. Chungyang (126.1 mg%) that was usually used soup and pungent cook. Free sugar contents which is related to sweetness were the highest in Youngyang RPP Youngyang RPP that preferentially used in the preparation of kimchi showed the highest levels in vitamin C, carotenoid, ASTA color, and free sugar contents, but the contents of capsaicinoid was the lowest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 1999

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integument of Korean bittering, Cheilognathus signifer and bride bittering, Rhodeus ukekii which are Korean native fresh water fish were compared. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild Korean bittering was 2.11mg% and composed of 42.6% zeaxanthin, 12.1% diatoxanthin and 12.1% lutein epoxide which are predominant carotenoids and 10.3% cynthiaxanthin, 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide, 6.4% lutein and 1.5% cryptoxanthin which are minor carotenoids. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild bride bittering was 4.99mg% during a spawning period but after the spawning period it was decreased to 4.17mg% and carotenoid composition of bride bittering during the spawning period was 46.7% zeaxanthin, 26.5% diatoxanthin and 12.3% lutein which are predominant carotenoids, and 6.2% zeaxanthin epoxide, 3.1% cynthiaxanthin, 2.9% cryptoxanthin and 0.7% canthax anthin which are minor carotenoids. These results indicated that the carotenoid composition of bride bittering during spawning period was very similar to that of Korean bittering and carotenoid composition of bride bittering after the spawning period was 30.5% diatoxanthin, 21.5% cynthiaxanthin and 16.8% zeaxanthin which are predominant carotenoids and 14.0% cryptoxanthin, 11.3% lutein and 3.4% can thaxanthin which are minor carotenoids, indicating that after the spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was decreased while that of cryptoxanthin and cynthiaxanthin was increased as compared to that of the spawning period. Total carotenoid contents in Korean bittering and bride bittering was relatively higher than that in other species of cyprinidae whereas composition of the carotenoid was similar.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2017

BACKGROUND : Environmental stress has a major effect on the growth and yields of vegetables, and can significantly affect nutritionally important phytochemicals, causing large economic losses. METHODS AND RESULTS : The present study was aimed at exploring the effects of water stress on the carotenoid and proline contents in kale leaves to understand drought tolerance of kale plants. Kale was randomly divided into two groups at 57 days after sowing (DAS). One of the groups was well-watered (WW) and the other was water stressed (WS). Harvesting of kale leaves was started one day after treatment (58 DAS) and continued for 10 days (~67 DAS). We investigated the status of plant growth (leaf number, length, width, fresh weight) of kale throughout the study. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) and proline contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results showed that the total carotenoid contents ranged from 926.0 to 1,212.0 mg/kg dry wt. (at 3 and 2 days, respectively) in WW treatment and 887.8 to 1,157.4 mg/kg dry wt. (at 10 and 4 days, respectively) in WS treatment. The ratio of individual carotenoid to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 51.4 for lutein, 4.44 for zeaxanthin, 2.76 for ${\alpha}-carotene$, and 41.4% for ${\beta}-carotene$. Total carotenoid contents showed a significant reduction from 7 days (1,037.2 mg/kg dry wt.) to 10 days (887.8 mg/kg dry wt.) in WS treatment. The lutein content did not show a significant difference in WW between 7 and 10 days after treatment but showed a significant difference in WS treatment. The ${\alpha}-carotene$ content showed no significant difference between the treatments. However, zeaxanthin content was higher during 4-10 days and ${\beta}-carotene$ content was lower during 6-10 days in WS than in WW on each harvest day. In WW, the proline content showed no significant difference, but in WS, the proline content started to increase at 7 days and almost doubled in 10 days. CONCLUSION : The marked increase in zeaxanthin and proline contents in kale leaves indicated that the two phytochemicals are associated with drought tolerance in the plant.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 1999

Carotenoid pigments of echiurid, Urechis unicinctus were investigated during March, April and May as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigments for the marine organisms other than pisces. Total carotenoid contents were found to be 1.19 mg/100 g in March, 0.98 mg/100 g in April and 0.84 mg/100 g in May, indicating that total carotenoid content was negatively affected by the temperature of sea water that echiurid resided. The carotenoid isolated in March composed of $16.3\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $14.8\%$ $\beta$-carotene and $12.6\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester, $8.4\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $8.2\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $7.3\%$ diatoxanthin diester $4.2\%$ astaxanthin $2.9\%$ diatoxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.3\%$ cynthiaxanthin, $1.7\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.5\%$ zeaxanthin diester, $0.8\%$ zeaxanthin and $0.5\%$ lutein. The carotenoid isolated in April composed of $21.9\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $17.2\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester and $16.6\%$ $\beta$-carotene $10.9\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $5.6\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $4.9\%$ diatoxanthin diester, $3.1\%$ astaxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.3\%$ diatoxanthin, $1.7\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.5\%$ lutein, $1.1\%$ zeaxanthin, $1.0\%$ cynthiaxanthin and $1.0\%$ zeaxanthin diester. Similarly, the carotenoid isolated in May composed of $25.3\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $19.7\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester, $13.0\%$ $\beta$-carotene, and $12.6\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $5.8\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $5.1\%$ diatoxanthin, $3.0\%$ astaxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.2\%$ diatoxanthin, $1.3\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.2\%$ zeaxanthin, $1.1\%$ zeaxanthin diester, $1.0\%$ lutein and $0.9\%$ cynthiaxanthin. Based on these data, monoester-type carotenoids ($37.1\~57.6\%$) and diester-type carotenoids ($11.5\~17.2\%$) of total carotenoids in echiurid were the major carotenoids. Meanwhile, when the sea water temperature was elevated and the contents of total carotenoid in echiurids were decreased, the contents of zeaxanthin monoester, diatoxanthin monoester and cynthiaxanthin monoester were increased, but the contents of zeaxanthin diester, diatoxanthin diester and cynthiaxanthin diseter were decreased, indicating that changes in ester-type caroteoids were differently affected by the sea water temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 1992

Difference of carotenoid pigments in integuments of the wild and cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata were studied. Total carotenoid contents in integuments of the wild and cultured flounder were 1.38mg% and 1.l6mg%, respectively. The main carotenoids in integuments of the wild flonder were zeaxanthin (19.22%), $\beta$-carotene type triol (17.80%), tunaxanthin C (17.77％), lutein (16.44%) and tunaxanthin B (13.70%). In addition, tunaxanthin A (5.42%), $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin (4.80%), astaxanthin (0.69%) and $\beta$-cryptoxanthin (0.24%) were also contained in small amounts. But in the cultured flounder, lutein (38.21%) and zeaxanthin (29.69%) were contained as main carotenoids. In addition, $\beta$-carotene type triol (7.80%), tunaxanthin C (7.05%), $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin (4.34%), tunaxanthin B (4.21%), as-taxanthin (2.40%) and $\beta$-cryptoxanthin (1.30%) were present in small amounts. Consequently, the wild flounder contained higher amounts of tunaxanthin and trios but contained lower amounts of lutein and zeaxanthin than the cultured flonder. The contents of carotenoids from integuments of wild and cultured yellow-tail were 1.08mg% and 0.09mg%. Wild and cultured yellowtail have similar carotenoid patterns, consisting of tunaxanthin C (44.11%, 43.37％), tunaxanthin B (33.56%, 29.23%) and tunaxanthin A (18.22%, 21.68%), respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2004

This study was performed as a part of comparative biological studies of carotenoid pigment for the unutilized biological products. The content of total carotenoid in the integument of wild catfish were 0.27(${\pm}$0.7) mg％ and composed of 25.8％ zeaxanthin, 9.7％ diatoxanthin and 9.1 ％ cynthiaxanthin as major carotenoid. The content of total carotenoid in the integument of cultured catfish were 0.07(${\pm}$0.03) mg％ which is relatively lower compare to wild catfish and composed of 48.5％ lutein, 13.9％ zeaxanthin and 13.3％ isocryptoxanthin as major carotenoid. The total carotenoid contents of the slender catfish were 0.75(${\pm}$0.25) mg％ which is relatively higher compare to other species of catfishes. The carotenoids were composed of 24.5％ zeaxanthin, 24.1 ％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene-4-ol, 17.9％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene and 10.8％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene-3-01 as major carotenoid and 8.7％ diatoxanthin, 6.7％ cynthiaxanthin and 5.0％ lutein as minor carotenoid. Based on these data, as a comparative studies of carotenoid in integument of siluridae, parasiloxanthin and 7',8'-dihydroparasiloxanthin which are the characteristic carotenoid of catfish from biwa lake in Japan, Slender catfish contained more based on 7',8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene while that of wild and cultured catfishes were not found, indicating that carotenoid pigment of slender catfish depend on their living conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1984

Susceptible trees of Pinus densiflora and resistant trees of Pinus rigida following pine gall midge (Tnecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) attack were seasonally compared to examine the variation in needle growth and photosynthetic ability, respiration rate, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents. Also, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of larvae both from soil and from galled tissue were compared during March and September, respectively. The plantation damaged severely by this insect consisted mostly of 10-to 15-year old P. rigida and P. densiflora. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1) The length of the infested needles of P. densiflora decreased by 48.1 percent compared with the normal needles, while that of P. rigida did 37.4 percent. 2) All of P. densiflora and P. rigida showed higher photosynthetic ability in normal needles than in infested needles. The maximum photosynthetic ability of P. densiflora was shown in mid-August, while that of P. rigida in mid-October. In contrast to that, respiration rate of infested needles was higher than that of normal needles in both species. The respiration rate of P. rigida was higher than that of P. densiflora. 3) P. rigida had higher total chlorophyll contents than P. densiflora. The total carotenoid contents tents in infested needles were higher than those in normal needles of both species. 4) Total carotenoid contents were generally higher in P. rigida than in P. densiflora during the growing season. The total carotenoid content (0.094mg/g) in larvae from soil was similar to that (0.092mg/g) in larvae from galled tissues. 5) Infested needles of both species showed higher anthocyanin contents than normal needles. Higher anthocyanin contents in galled needles were due primarily to its active formation stimulated by larval attack. Thus, reddish-brown coloration occurred only in galled needles of P. densiflora.