• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 1990

The effects of nutrients and cell aggregate size on the cell growth of D. carota and the biosynthesi of carotenoid were investigated. Highest carotenoid content was obtained with sucrose as a carbon source and the equal ratio of ammonium to nitrate. High phosphate concentration stimulated the carotenoid biosynthesis in D. corota. 2,4-D inhibited the cell growth but stimulated the specific carotenoid content at high concentration. By modifying the medium composition based on these findings, three times higher specific carotenoid content and 2.5 times higher total carotenoid content were obtained as compared with the results obtained with basic MS media. Biosynthesis of carotenoid was found to be affected by cell aggregate size; high carotenoid production was obtained from the large aggregated cells resulted from high sucrose concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.218-222
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• 1997

Twelve varieties of yellow sweet potatoes were measured for carotenoids content to assess their potential as a source of natural food colorant. Benihayato variety had the highest content of carotenoids (20.2 mg/100 g fr wt) but other varieties ranged with $4.6{\sim}16.7\;mg/100\;g$ fr wt. Hunter's +a-values (redness) increased linearly $(R^{2}=0.826)$ with carotenoids content of yellow sweet potatoes. Absorption spectrum of carotenoids extracted from the Benihayato variety was similar to that of standard ${\beta}-carotene$ indicating that carotenoids in yellow sweet potato are mostly composed of ${\beta}-carotene$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.425-429
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• 1989

Functional relationships of carotenoid destruction and nonenzymatic browning during red pepper drying were established by the dynamic test using the moisture-temperature-quality history curve in actual drying experiments. The dependence of the rate constants on temperature and moisture content was established and analysed assuming that carotenoid destruction and nonenzymatic browning are the first order and the zero order reaction, respectively. Carotenoid destruction rate constant was high at high moisture and high temperature, and had a minimum value at some intermediate moisture content. As dependence of rate constant on temperature, activation energy of carotenoid decolorization ranged from 7.7 to 27.4 kcal/mol, showing higher value at higher moisture content. Nonenzymatic browning showed higher rate at higher temperature and higher moisture content. Activation energy of browning was in the range of 7.5-20.2 kcal/mol with higher value at higher moisture level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.813-820
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• 1998

This study was performed as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigment for the fresh water fish. Carotenoids in integument of Korean dark sleeper, Odontobutis platycephala, and dark sleeper, Odontobutis odontobutis interrupta, which are all the Korean native fresh water fish, were separated by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and HPLC. The separated carotenoid were then reduced and isomerized by NaBH4 and I2 respectively to investigate UV-Vis spectrophotometeric patterns and chracterized by IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrum. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of Korean dark sleeper was 3.01mg% in April, but it was increased to 3.74mg% in September at the near of spawning period. The carotenoid isolated in April consisted of $\beta$-carotene(25.6%), lutein(18.5%) and zeaxanthin(12.0%) as major carotenoids and also contained isocryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin, tunaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, canthaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin as minor carotenoids. Similarly, in September the carotenoid consisted of $\beta$-carotene(16.5%), zeaxanthin(13.7%) and cynthiaxanthin(13.6%) as major carotenoids and also contained lutein, isocryptoxanthin, tunaxanthin, $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of cynthiaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin were increased. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of spawning period. T도 carotenoid isolated in April and September consisted of $\beta$-carotene(24.9%, 27.5%), zeaxanthin(14.4%, 20.9%) and lutein(12.6%, 11.4%) as major carotenoids and also contained cynthiaxanthin, tunaxanthin, diatoxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-cryp-toxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was increased, indicating that the carotenoid composition were dependent upon their living conditions and their integument colors. Both Korean dark sleeper and dark sleeper contained high amount of cynthiaxanthin and diatoxanthin which are found as rare carotenoids in the other of fresh water fish. It is interes that they also contained tunaxanthin which is a specific carotenoid in marine fishes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.596-602
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• 1998

Two kinds of sweet potato puree were prepared with Benihayato cultivar of yellow sweet potato with or without $\alpha$-amylase enzyme treatment. Chemical and rheological properties of enzyme-treated puree were different from those of control puree. Reducing sugar content and iodine value increased by $\alpha$-amylase enzyme treatment, while alcohol insoluble solids and viscosity decreased by enzyme treatment. However, the changes of carotenoid content were not significantly different. Hunter-b-values(yellowness) were 27.19 and 23.54 for no enzyme-treated puree(NTP) and enzyme-treated puree(ETP), respectively. Hunter-a values(redness) were 2.24 and 6.05 for NTP abd ETP, respectively. Content of total carotenoid of canned puree heated at 13$0^{\circ}C$ for 30 min decreased by 59 percents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2004

This study was performed as a part of comparative biological studies of carotenoid pigment for the unutilized biological products. The content of total carotenoid in the integument of wild catfish were 0.27(${\pm}$0.7) mg％ and composed of 25.8％ zeaxanthin, 9.7％ diatoxanthin and 9.1 ％ cynthiaxanthin as major carotenoid. The content of total carotenoid in the integument of cultured catfish were 0.07(${\pm}$0.03) mg％ which is relatively lower compare to wild catfish and composed of 48.5％ lutein, 13.9％ zeaxanthin and 13.3％ isocryptoxanthin as major carotenoid. The total carotenoid contents of the slender catfish were 0.75(${\pm}$0.25) mg％ which is relatively higher compare to other species of catfishes. The carotenoids were composed of 24.5％ zeaxanthin, 24.1 ％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene-4-ol, 17.9％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene and 10.8％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene-3-01 as major carotenoid and 8.7％ diatoxanthin, 6.7％ cynthiaxanthin and 5.0％ lutein as minor carotenoid. Based on these data, as a comparative studies of carotenoid in integument of siluridae, parasiloxanthin and 7',8'-dihydroparasiloxanthin which are the characteristic carotenoid of catfish from biwa lake in Japan, Slender catfish contained more based on 7',8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene while that of wild and cultured catfishes were not found, indicating that carotenoid pigment of slender catfish depend on their living conditions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.8-10
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• 1978

After growing the hot pepper fruits in polyethylene film(PE) house covered with white or red colored film, the fruits were collected and chlorophyll, carotenoid, and capsaicin content was analyzed. Although total chlorophyll content was higher in fruit of white PE house$(208.9{\mu}g/g-F.W)$ as compared to that of red PE house $(153.0{\mu}g/g-F.W)$ grown plants, the ratio of chlorophyll a over b were similar, giving 2.15 and 2.13 respectively in white and red PE house. Total carotenoid, $\beta$-carotene and the capsaicin content were higher in fruits of red PE house grown plants. Therefore, it is suggested that red film could be used as a successful covering material for poly ethylene film house.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Kale (Brassica oleracea) biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. Specifically, carotenoids are affected by temperature, light, and oxygen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold stress (day/night: $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$) on carotenoids in kale leaves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kale was grown in pots for up to 50 days after sowing (DAS) in a greenhouse. For cold acclimation experiments, kale grown in growth chambers for 3 days and was subjected to low temperature for 4 days. The conditions maintained in the growth chambers were as follows: photoperiod, 12/12 h (day/night); light, fluorescent; and relative humidity, 60%. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total carotenoid content gradually increased during cold acclimation for 3 days. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the total carotenoid content was high at $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ treatment, but low at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. The total carotenoid content of kale leaves continuously grown in greenhouse decreased from 50 to 57 DAS (1,418 and 1,160 mgkg-1 dry wt., respectively). The lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents were very low and the zeaxanthin contents were very high at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the ratio of individual to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 4553% for -carotene and 210% for zeaxanthin. CONCLUSION: The ${\beta}-carotene$ and zeaxanthin contents in kale leaves indicate their sensitiveness toward cold stress.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2017

BACKGROUND : Environmental stress has a major effect on the growth and yields of vegetables, and can significantly affect nutritionally important phytochemicals, causing large economic losses. METHODS AND RESULTS : The present study was aimed at exploring the effects of water stress on the carotenoid and proline contents in kale leaves to understand drought tolerance of kale plants. Kale was randomly divided into two groups at 57 days after sowing (DAS). One of the groups was well-watered (WW) and the other was water stressed (WS). Harvesting of kale leaves was started one day after treatment (58 DAS) and continued for 10 days (~67 DAS). We investigated the status of plant growth (leaf number, length, width, fresh weight) of kale throughout the study. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) and proline contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results showed that the total carotenoid contents ranged from 926.0 to 1,212.0 mg/kg dry wt. (at 3 and 2 days, respectively) in WW treatment and 887.8 to 1,157.4 mg/kg dry wt. (at 10 and 4 days, respectively) in WS treatment. The ratio of individual carotenoid to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 51.4 for lutein, 4.44 for zeaxanthin, 2.76 for ${\alpha}-carotene$, and 41.4% for ${\beta}-carotene$. Total carotenoid contents showed a significant reduction from 7 days (1,037.2 mg/kg dry wt.) to 10 days (887.8 mg/kg dry wt.) in WS treatment. The lutein content did not show a significant difference in WW between 7 and 10 days after treatment but showed a significant difference in WS treatment. The ${\alpha}-carotene$ content showed no significant difference between the treatments. However, zeaxanthin content was higher during 4-10 days and ${\beta}-carotene$ content was lower during 6-10 days in WS than in WW on each harvest day. In WW, the proline content showed no significant difference, but in WS, the proline content started to increase at 7 days and almost doubled in 10 days. CONCLUSION : The marked increase in zeaxanthin and proline contents in kale leaves indicated that the two phytochemicals are associated with drought tolerance in the plant.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2004

Studies on extraction and color stability of carotenoids from astringent persimmon(Diospyros kaki) were performed to provide the basic information for the utilization of persimmon pigment as a new source of natural food colorant. The major carotenoids in astringent persimmon were beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene. Beta-cryptoxanthin was the first major pigment and lycopene the next. Total carotenoid content in persimmon calculated as beta-carotene equivalent was 107.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The data indicated that the astringent persimmon was a good source of carotenoid pigment. The physical and chemical stabilities of carotenoid from astringent persimmon were investigated at various conditions of temperature, pH and antioxidant. The effects of oxygen and light on the stability of carotenoid pigment has been investigated. The factors that cause the discoloration were visible light, temperature above 60, pH below 5 and oxygen. Especially, the carotenoid pigment was very sensitive to light and oxygen. Carotenoid stability was much improved with increasing nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere. Persimmon pigments have been found to be most stable at 5∼10. And tocopherol was the most effective inhibitor of the pigment discoloration.