• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.84-93
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• 2004

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in granite forest roads cut-slope. From two to sixteen year elapsed forest roads in four regional areas of Gangwon-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil moisture content, and bulk density in the decomposed granite soils were below 1.32%, 0.08%, 10.0%, and above 1.24g/$cm^3$, respectively. The result indicated that the soil was not good for plant growth. The environmental factors affecting distribution of species in the granite forest roads were the elapsed year, cut-slope, elevation, and cut-slope aspect. Species with high frequency in the granite forest road cut-slope ordered Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus crataegifolius, Pinus densiflora, Lysimachia clethroides, Amorpha fruticosa, Dactylis glomerata, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Festuca arundinacea, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Artemisia stolonifera, and Weigela subsessilis. Herbs seeded in earth stage such as Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, and Festuca arundinacea had changed into perennial herbs such as Carex lanceolata, Poa sphondylodes, Patrinia villosa, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Melica onoei, Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia stolonifera, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Spodiopogon sibiricus, and those had changed into shrubs such as Rubus crataegifolius and Weigela subsessilis, and those had changed into trees such as Salix hulteni, Salix koreensis, and Fraxinus rhyncholhylla according to elapsed year of forest roads. Legumes such as Lespedeza sp., Pueraria thunbergiana, Amorpha fruticosa, etc., herbs such as Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia stolonifera, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Miscanthus sinensis, etc., and woody plants such as Pinus densiflora, Rubus crataegifolius, Weigela subsessilis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rhododendron mucronulatum, etc., with foreign herbs were considered as proper species for replantation in granite forest road cut-slope.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to compare and analyze plant monitoring results of 2012 and 2013 for three artificial wetlands of Binae, Sedo, and Okpo areas in Namhan river, Keum river, and Nakdong river respectively. As the results, the Binae wetland in 2013 shows the same environment with 2012, that is, Willow and Common reed were dominant and the distributed plants in the wetland were Phragmites japonica Steud, Carex dispalta Boott, and Humulus japonicus in lowland of river side. Especially, Humulus japonicus was increased in summer season and Willow was increased in lowland of 초원. In Okpo wetland, Water chestnut was appeared in 2013 which it was not in 2012. Reed distribution was reduced in 2013 comparing to 2012 but Pussy willow distribution was not changed in 2013. In Sedo wetland, Secondary grassland was artificially planted in 2013 and so the colony was changed to Chinese Lespedeza and also most of plant colony was changed to Colt's-tail. Therefore, we can know that wetted transition rather than dried transition will be occurred in the Binae wetland. However, the Okpo wetland has monotonic change and so the transition will be proceeded with long time. The Sedo wetland showed wetted and dried transitions exist together. Therefore, the wetland will be changed to Reeds, Common reed, and Willow colonies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.74-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was investigate to the influence of forest roads characteristics and environment factors on the soil erosion, stability and vegetation survival of cut slope in forest roads. The results obtained could be summarized as follows; 1. The correlated factors between slope erosion and variables in cut slope were altitude, convex, degree of slope, length of slope and soil depth. In the stepwise regression analysis, length of slope and soil hardness was a high significant and its regression equation was given by -89.6136 + 15.0667X14 + 16.6713X15($R^2$ = 0.6712). 2. The main factors influencing the stability of cut slope were significant in order of coverage, middle, convex, length of slope and north, and its discriminant equation was given by -1.019 + 0.064X22 - 0.808X8 - 0.622X24 + 0.742X11 - 0.172X14 - 0.545X6 ($R^2$ = 0.793). 3. The centroids value of discriminant function in the stability and unstability estimated to 1.244 and -1.348, respectively. The boundary value between two groups related to slope stability was -0.1038. The prediction rate of discriminant function for stability evaluation of was as high as 91.3%. 4. The dominant species of invasion vegetation on the cut slope consist with Carex humilis, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, and Ixeris dentata in survey area. The rate of vegetation invasion more increased by time passed. 5. The life form of invasion vegetation in cut slop showed to $H-D_1-R_{2,3}-e$ type of the hemicryptophyte of dormancy form, dissem inated widely by wind and water of dissminule type, moderate extent and narrowest extent of radicoid type, erect form of growth form. 6. The correlated factors between forest enviroment and coverage appeared north, passage years and middle position of slope at 5% level. The forest environment factors influencing the invasion plants in survey area were shown in order to altitude, passage years, rock(none), forest type(mixed) and stone amount. The regression equation was given by 17.5228 - 0.0911X3 + 3.6189X28 15.8493X22 19.8544X25 + 0.3558X26 ($R^2$ = 0.4026).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.129-144
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• 2010

We have studied the changes of the environmental and vegetational factors according to the hydro-seral stages in the shoreline of the lagoons, Korea. We have divided seral stages into 7 stages from open water stage to the stratified forest stage considering as the characteristics of water body, dominance of submerged and emergent plant, and development of the shrub, subtree and tree layer. According to the successional stage, water depth gradually decreased and water quality changed from seawater to brackish water and from brackish water to fresh water, organic matter in a soil layer gradually increased, and the litter layer grew up. As the development of the vegetation structure, the life-form of the vascular plants changed as follows; open water ${\rightarrow}$ submerged plant and floating-leaved plant ${\rightarrow}$ emergent plant and submerged plant ${\rightarrow}$ emergent plant ${\rightarrow}$ emergent plant, mesophyte and scrub ${\rightarrow}$ mesophyte. In the late seral stage, the 3 different forest types were established by the water retention or drainage and nutrient accumulation of the soil layer. Salix dominant forest developed in the wetted sites, the forest type dominated by Pinus thunbergii, Carex pumila and mesophytes developed in the well drained sites causing by sand substrate, and the forest type dominated by the planted or ruderals such as Pinus densiflora, Robinia psedo-acacia, Festuca ovina, Setaria viridis ect. developed in the sites composed of forest soil introduced by artificial reclamation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 2009

This is a study intended to investigate the environmental factors including vegetation and soil in order to better understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of four different habitats of Pulsatilla tongkangensis(Mt. Baekun, Maha-ri, Kyulam-ri and Mt. Deokhang). These habitats, according to investigations, are mostly located on the slopes of mountains facing northwest at an altitude of 220m to 772m above sea level with angles of inclination ranging from 41 degree to 85 degree. A total of 27 vascular plant taxa are identified in ten quadrates of the four habitats. The importance value of these plants is as follows: Pulsatilla tongkangensis is 9.65%; Carex humilis var. nana 28.93%; Potentilla dickinsii 16.55%; Mukdenia rossii 7.09%; Peucedanum terebinthaceum and Eragrostis ferruginea 4.55%; and Vicia venosa var. albiflora 3.90%. The importance value of these six species is high, so they are at affinity with P. tongkangensis m their habitats. The degree of their average species diversity is 0.75, and that of dominance and evenness 0.24 and 0.85, respectively. Their average field capacity of soil is 19.05%, organic matter 10.51%, and soil pH is 7.43, which are similar among their habitats.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 1958

1. The author investigated on the flora of Yongzong island especially on the point of view of the sociological studies. 2. The author could distinguish kinds of the plant formtion in this island(1). Seaside plant formation (2). Mountain plant formation. 3. The seaside plant formation could be subdivided as follows: (1). Association of Triglochin maritimum LINNE. (2). Association of Suaeda japonica MAKINO. (3). Association of Scirpus triqueter LINNE. (4) Association of Phragmites prosturatus MAKINO. (5). Association of Zoysia japonica STEUDEL. (6). Association of Zoysia sinica HANCE var. tenuis NAKAI ex YAMAMOTO. (7). Assocation of Carex pumila THUNBERG. (8). Association of Rosa rugosa THUNBERG. (9). Association of Pinus Thunbergii PARLATORE. (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) associations can grow under the high tide, so when the high tide comes they soaked in the sea water. 4. The mountain plant formation can be subdivided as follows: (1). Association of Quercus aliena BLUME and Platycarya strobilacea STEBOLD & ZUCCARINI. (2). Association of Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS and Platycaryastrobilacea SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI. (3). Association of Robinia Pseudoeacia LINNE and Platycarya strobilacea SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI. 5. The plants at the abandoned mine regions are replacing by the association of Robinia Pseudacacia LINNE and Platycarya strobilacea SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI. 6. Generally I can find that soil which is developed by the seaside plant formation under sea water (when high tide comes, they soaked in the sea water) is over the pH 8.0, so it shows strong alkaline. But the sandy soil behind the tide line shows near the neutral in spite of the same seaside plant formation. In the case of mountain plant formation the soil where they developed show near the pH 6.0, so it is acidity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2009

The distribution and habitat characteristics of Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai were investigated to compile basic data for conservation and restoration. The species Echinosophora koreensis is distributed within fourteen regions of the Korean Province of Gangwon, including Yanggu-gun, Inje-gun, Cheorwon-gun, Chuncheon-si and Hongcheon-gun. Natural habitats were located at altitudes of 192-626 m, with inclinations of $1-45^{\circ}$. One hundred and fifty seven vascular plant taxa were identified from 42 quadrats in 14 habitats. Dominant species among the woody plants, based on importance value, were Pinus densiflora and Quercus dentata in the tree (T1) layer, Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica in subtree (T2) layer, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Prunus sargentii, Zanthoxylum schinifilium, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in the shrub (S) layer. Importance values for members of the herb layer were: Echinosophora koreensis 28.34%; Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum 10.21%; Spodiopogon sibiricus 7.60%; Atractylodes ovata 4.77% and Carex lanceolata 4.13%. The importance values of the last four species were high, so they were at affinity with Echinosophora koreensis in their habitats. Average species diversity was 1.03, and evenness and dominance were found to be 0.82 and 0.16, respectively. The soil types were sandy loam and loam. Average field capacity was 13.28%, and the organic matter and soil pH were 6.70% and 5.77, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.264-276
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• 2009

To elucidate the distribution of halophytes in Korea, we surveyed 95 coastal salt marsh and sand dune areas. As a result, 62 halophytes of 57 species, 4 varieties and 1 form belonging to 44 genera and 21 families were recorded from coastal regions and islands of South Korea. Of these, 33 taxa were plants growing on sand dunes and the other 29 in salt marsh. Fifty eight taxa were found on the west coast, which was surveyed at 61 areas. The most common species among them were Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge, Suaeda japonica Makino, Phragmites communis Trin., Zoysia sinica Hance, Carex scabrifolia Steud. in salt marsh, and Salsola komarrovii Iljin, Lathyrus japonicus Willd., Limonium tetragonum (Thunb.) A.A. Bulloc, Calystegia soldanella Roem. & Schult. on sand dunes. On the other hand, only 45 taxa were found on the southern coast, surveyed at 15 areas. On the east coast, surveyed at 13 areas, 44 taxa were found. The most common species were Salsola komarrovii Iljin, Lathyrus japonicus Willd., Calystegia soldanella Roem. & Schult., on sand dunes and Linaria japonica Miq., which on the Korean peninsula is found only on the east coast. On Jeju Island, surveyed at 6 areas, 30 taxa of halophytes were found. Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC. is found in Korea only on Jeju Island. About half of the Korean halophytes were members of three families (Chenopodiaceae: 12 species, Poaceae: 12 species and Asteraceae: 7 species).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.497-506
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• 2010

This study intended to investigate the environmental factors including soil and vegetation in order to better understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of ten different habitats of $Hanabusaya$ $asiatica$. These habitats, according to investigations, are mostly located on the slopes of mountains facing north at an altitude of 580 m to 1,396 m above sea level with angles of inclination ranging from 5 degrees to 80 degrees. A total of 146 vascular plant taxa are identified in 32 quadrates of the ten habitats. The importance value of $H.$ $asiatica$ is 8.87%, and 5 highly ranked species such as $Carex$ $siderosticta$ (8.67%), $Ainsliaea$ $acerifolia$ var. $subapoda$ (7.10%), $Calamagrostis$ $arundinacea$ (6.79%), $Athyrium$ $yokoscense$ (5.33%), $Astilbe$ $rubra$ (3.11%) are considered to be an affinity with $H.$ $asiatica$ in their habitats. Dominant species of woody plants in ten habitats are represented as $Quercus$ $mongolica$ in tree layer (T1), $Acer$ $pseudo$-$sieboldianum$ in subtree layer (T2), $Rhododendron$ $schlippenbachii$ and $Tripterygium$ $regelii$ in shrub layer (S). The degree of their average species diversity is 1.30, and that of dominance and evenness are 0.08 and 0.88, respectively. The type of soil is sandy loam, loam and loamy sand, and the average field capacity of soil is 23.95%. Their average organic matter is 12.28%, soil pH 5.79, and available phosphorus is 25.48%. Correlation coefficients analysis based on environmental factors, vegetation and soil analysis shows that the coverage of tree layers is correlated with richness, diversity, dominance, evenness and coverage of $H.$ $asiatica$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.211-239
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• 1997

The flora of Oesorak in the Soraksan National Park including Chombongsan(Mountain) and Kwanmobong(Peak) were surveyed from February to August, 1996. These areas have very rich and diverse flora;620 taxa with 89 families, 321 genera, 526 species, 2 subspecies, 89 varieties and 3 forms in the Oesorak, 404 taxa with 251 genera, 350 species, 1 subspecies, 51 varieties and 2 forms in the Chombongsan(Mountain), 286 taxa with 206 genera, 233 species, 1 subspecies, 50 varieties and 2 forms in Kwanmobong(peak). The Oesorak had very distinct floristic characteristics such as the wild habitats of Asarum maculatum(Aristolochiaceae) and Ilex macropoda(Aquifoliaceae). In the phyorgeographical point of view, the six species such as Sapium japonicum (Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia joldini(Euphorbiaceae), Ilex macropoda (Aquifoliaceae), Styrax japonica (Styracaceae), Carex sideros ticta (Cyperaceae) and Asarum maculatum (Aristolochiaceae) were naturalized into this region, while the 17 taxa such as Abies neprolepis(Pinaceae), Pinus pumila(Pinaceae), Thuja koraiensis(Cupressaceae), Allium senescens(Liliaceae), Lilium distichum(Liliaceae), Saxifraga punctata(Saxfragaceae), Rosa marretii(Rosaceae), Bupleurum euphorbioides(Umbelliferae), Androsace cortusaefolia (Primulaceae), Peducularis mandshurica(Scrophulariaceae) and Leontopodium coreanum (Compositae) were distrivuted to this region. The colonizing weedy species such as Ixris repens (Compositae) were distributed to this region. The colonizing weedy species losa(Labiatae) and Rosa rugosa(Rosaceae) were naturalized into ca. 900m at sea level mainly due to the sand soil from the seashore. Mountain roadbed is susceptible than other areas to the slippery road problems, due largely to snow and rain, particularly during winter. Sand soils from seashore are utilized to minimize this slip in traffic operation.