• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.375-380
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• 2012

We previously reported that Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ showed high fibrinolytic activity and revealed antithrombotic effect in rat blood plasma based on its ability to suppress collagen-induced platelet aggregation. This research was carried out to verify the clot lysing activity and blood flow enhancing effects of Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ via monitoring and comparing the antithrombotic effects in rat artery between oral administration of Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ and maltodextrin. SD rats were fed with 1.11 mg/kg of Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ for 4 weeks. The effect on arterial thrombosis was then evaluated using an antithrombotic model after induction by $FeCl_3$. Detected fibrinolytic activity was proportional to the content of Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ and statistical extents of the antithrombotic activity was enhanced strongly twice rather than control group. The PT and the aPTT, however, showed only a small difference between two groups. The results suggest that Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ can effectively treat thromboembolism and enhance blood flow, and that Ultra nattokinase$^{(R)}$ can also prevent venous occlusion by aiding clot lysis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.331-337
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• 1991

Recent experimental work indicates latamoxef sodium used as a broadspectrum antibiotics generates oxygen-free radicals. The present study represents an attempt to investigate whether reperfusate containing Shiomarin[85% latamoxef sodium+15% mannitol] might decrease the post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function. In the investigation, twelve isolated rat hearts were subjected to 270 minutes of cold total global ischemia. After the cold total global ischemia, six hearts[KHB group] were reperfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution and the other six hearts[LMS group] with Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution containing latamoxef sodium[200ug /L]. Postischemic recovery rate of heart rate, aortic systolic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output at 20 minutes reperfusion was 100.66$\pm$10.38, 85.25$\pm$7.61, 78.95$\pm$6. 02, 78.85$\pm$8.86 and 79.11$\pm$6.54 percent respectively in the KHB group and 97.96$\pm$4.19, 87. 72$\pm$4.37, 81.74$\pm$6.80, 82.69$\pm$10.01 and 81.90$\pm$6.67 percent respectively in the LMS group. The hemodynamic data revealed no significant difference in the post-ischemic recovery rate of the two groups. This finding suggests that reperfusate containing Shiomarin[latamoxef sodium, 200ug /L] does not affect the cardiac functional recovery after cold total global ischemia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.299-315
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• 1997

The present experiments were designed to investigate the effects of Samsaengyeum. water extracts on the Cardiovascular System in the Experimental Animals. Thus, the changes of blood pressure and heart rate were measured after oral administration. Measurement of Mortality rate was observed for measuring the effect of Samsaengyeum water extract Samsaengyeum water extract against pulmonary thromboembolism induced by collagen the mixture(0.1me/10g, 2mg/kg B.W) plus serotonin(5mg/kg B.W) in mouse. The effect of Samsaengyeiim water extract was examined by observing the change of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, coagulation activity, ex vivo and in vitro fibrinolytic activity of euglobulin fraction in rats. The results were summarized as followings. 1. Samsaengyeum dropped the blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rat. 2. The drug increased the auricular blood flow in rabbit. 3. The drug relaxed the artery contraction by pretreated norepinephrine in rat. 4. The drug inhibited the death rate of mouse which was led to thromboembolism by serotonin and collagen. 5. The drug inhibited the platelet aggregation in rat. 6. The drug prolonged the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time on the test of plasma coagulation factor activity in rat, but was not valuable. 7. The drug reduced the fibrinogen lyses time and increased the lyses area of rat. 8. Samsaengyeum reduced fibrinogen lyses time of rat in vitro assay. According to the above mentioned results, Samsaengyeum increased the blood flow and dropped the blood pressure by the dilation of blood vessel. And the drug inhibited the platelet aggregation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

All health problems that occur in the circulatory system are refer to cardiovascular illness, such as heart and vascular diseases. Deaths from cardiovascular disorders are recorded one third of in total deaths in 2019 worldwide, and the number of deaths continues to rise. Therefore, if it is possible to predict diseases that has high mortality rate with patient's data and AI system, they would enable them to be detected and be treated in advance. In this study, models are produced to predict heart disease, which is one of the cardiovascular diseases, and compare the performance of models with Accuracy, Precision, and Recall, with description of the way of improving the performance of the Decision Tree(Decision Tree, KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor), SVM (Support Vector Machine), and DNN (Deep Neural Network) are used in this study.). Experiments were conducted using scikit-learn, Keras, and TensorFlow libraries using Python as Jupyter Notebook in macOS Big Sur. As a result of comparing the performance of the models, the Decision Tree demonstrates the highest performance, thus, it is recommended to use the Decision Tree in this study.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1318-1326
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• 1992

Backgroud. To determine the influence of age at operation upon surgical outcome in patients with isolated secundum atrial septal defect, retrospective clinical analysis was done. Material and method. From June, 1976 to December, 1991, 146 patients, 63 male and 83 female patients ranging in age from 13 months to 56 years, were operated on for isolated secundum atrial septal defect. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their age at operation: Group I [<20 years old], 91 patients[62.3%]; Group II [21 to 40 years old], 44 patients[30.1%]; GroupIII[>41 years old], 11 patients[7.6%]. Significant differences in clinical features, hemodynamic function, early and late results between age groups were speculated. Results. One hundred thirty-one patients[89.6%] were symptomatic at the time of operation, the most common symptoms being dyspnea on exertion, recurrent respiratory infection, palpitation and chest pain. Patients in NYHA class III or IV were 3.3% in group I, 25% in groupIII, and 54.5% in group Ill. Hemodynamic data was available for 138 patients [94.5%]. Significant pulmonary hypertension [MPA systolic pressure $^3$ 40mmHg] was noted in 22 patients [15.9%]. Patients with pulmonary vascular disease [Rp/Rs>1.25] were 2% in group I, 7.3% in group Il, and 9.1% in groupIII. But there were no significant differences between the age groups in the size of the shunt or the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow. Atrial septal defects were closed with direct suture in 144 patients and patch repair was performed in 2 patients with high defect. Atrial arrhythmia [8.2%] was the most common postoperative complication. The mean [LSD] duration of follow-up in all patients was 16$\pm$22 months [range, 1~96 months]. Functional result was excellent regardless of the age groups. During follow-up period, late cardiovascular events were arrhythmia [7 cases], reoperation for recurrent ASD [2 cases], and premature late death due to bacterial endocarditis [1 case]. Incidence of preoperative and late atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in older age group. Conclusion. Age at operation is one of the most important predictor of early and late surgical outcome with its impact on the following factors : 1] hemodynamic alterations and ventricular dysfunction due to longstanding volume and pressure overload, 2] pulmonary vascular disease, and 3] atrial arrhythmia including atrial fibrillation as a result of atrial dilatation. Therefore, among patients with surgically repaired atrial septal defects, those operated on over the age of 20 require careful supervision on the long-term basis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2011

Background: A peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (p-ECMO) has been developed to support patients who are dying due to a serious cardiopulmonary condition. This analysis was planned to define the clinical situation in which the patient benefits most from a p-ECMO. Material and Methods: Between June 2007 and Aug 2009, a total of 41 adult patients used the p-ECMO. There were 23 males and 18 females (mean age $54.4{\pm}15.1$ years). All patients had very unstable vital signs with hypoxia and complex cardiac problems. We divided the patients into 4 groups. In the first group, a p-ECMO was used as a bridge to cardiac operation. In the second group, patients did not have the opportunity to undergo any cardiac procedures; nevertheless, they were treated with a p-ECMO. In the third group, patients mostly had difficulty in weaning from CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) after cardiac operation. The fourth group suffered from many complications, such as pneumonia, bleeding, infections, and LV dysfunction with underlying cardiac problems. All cannulations were performed by the Seldinger technique or cutting down the femoral vessel. A long venous cannula of $DLP^{(R)}$ (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) or $RMI^{(R)}$ (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, CA) was used together with a 17~21 Fr arterial cannula and a 21 Fr venous cannula. As a bypass pump, a Capiox emergency bypass system ($EBS^{(R)}$; Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was used. We attempted to maintain a flow rate of $2.4{\sim}3.0\;L/min/m^2$ and an activated clotting time (ACT) of around 180 seconds. Results: Nine patients survived by the use of the p-ECMO. Ten patients were weaned from a p-ECMO but they did not survive, and the remainder had no chance to be weaned from the p-ECMO. The best clinical situation to apply the p-ECMO was to use it as a bridge to cardiac operation and for weaning from CPB after cardiac operation. Conclusion: Various clinical results were derived by p-ECMO according to the clinical situation. For the best results, early adoption of the p-ECMO for anatomical correction appears important.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1997

Using isolated rat heart preparations, we observed the protective effe ts of verapamil cardioplegia on ischemic myocardial injury. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia at $25^{\circ}C$ Twenty four isolated Sprague Dawley rat hearts underwent 30 minutes of the retrograde nonworking perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution followed by $25^{\circ}C$ cardioplegic solution (St. Thomas'Hospital Cardioplegic Solution) for 60 minutes. Before ischemic arrest, rat hearts were treated with cold cardioplegic solution in control group (n=12) and cold cardioplegic solution with verapamil (1 mg/L) in experimental group (n=12). After 60 minutes of ischemia, hemodynamic and biochemical parameters such as heart rate, left ventricular pressure (LVP), + dp/dt max, coronary flow and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were measured before giving cardioplegia and 30 minutes after reperfusion. Verapamil group exhibited greater recovery of heart rate, LVP, +dpldt max, coronary flow and CPK than control group (p < 0.05).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.362-370
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate effects of 12 weeks of combined exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on body composition (weight, %body fat, lean body mass, body mass index (BMI)) and cardiovascular responses (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI)) in elderly women. Participants (N = 43, Females) were randomly assigned into a combined exercise with BFR (n = 14, BFR), only combined exercise (n =14, EX) or non-exercise control group (n = 15, CON). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with contrast testing was utilized for data analysis. Alpha was set at p < 0.05. Body composition (weight, %body fat, BMI) in BFR was significantly changed, and %body fat in EX was significantly decreased, but there was no change in the CON. In addition, the right and left ba PWV values in the BFR were significantly decreased, while only the left side ba PWV in EX was significantly decreased and there was no change in the CON. Moreover, the % change and effect size of most variables in the BFR were higher than the EX. Taken together, the results indicate that even though BFR and EX groups performed the same combined exercise training, BFR had additional stimulations of the sympathetic nerve system due to blood flow restriction. Thus, BFR training is more beneficial and has greater effects on body composition and cardiovascular responses in elderly females.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.19-24
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• 2003

Background and Purposes : Smoking is a well-known risk factor for ischemic stroke. It may contribute to s1Toke by inducing the aggregation of platelets and formation of atheroma, reducing cerebral blood flow, and increasing fibrinogen. However, the relative risk varies according to different ethnicity and area. Therefore, we performed this study to assess the risk of smoking for ischemic s1Toke in Korea. Methods : Cigarette smoking habit was studied in 308 patients with ischemic s1Toke and in 348 age- and sex-matched control subjects who had no history of stroke using case control methods. In multiple logistic regression analysis, smoking had a significant value of odds ratio adjusted for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Results : The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) was significant in the medium smokers (AOR, 1.92; 95％ CI, 1.11 to 3.33: p< 0.05) and heavy smokers (AOR, 2.80; 95％ CI, 1.64 to 4.78: p< 0.05). Furthermore, the OR was higher in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects compared to non-smokers (AOR, 1.98; 95％ CI, 1.01 to 3.85: p< 0.05). Conclusions : Our findings suggest that smoking is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in Korea.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.10 s.267
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• pp.791-794
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• 2006

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is a rare disorder and lead to claudication and disturbance of blood flow from the results of an abnormal relationship of the popliteal artery to the gastrocnemius muscle, a fibrous band or the popliteus muscle in a young male population. The specific diagnosis is difficult, In most cases, surgical treatment provides a definitive diagnosis of the lesion and is necessary for the patient's recovery. A 34-years-old male was admitted complaining of claudication and pain on left leg. Ankle-brachial index, vascular sonography, CT-angiogram and MRI revealed an occlusion of proximal popliteal artery of left leg. The patient was confirmed as a popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (type IV) that the popliteal artery was entrapped by a fibrous band around the popliteus muscle in the operative fold. Completely occluded fibrotic popliteal artery was removed, and interposition with ipsilateral greater saphenous vein graft was done. After surgery, symptoms of the patient have improved.