• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1770-1776
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• 2007

Beef carcasses were examined to explore the effects of spinal cord removal and washing on central nervous system tissue (CNST) decontamination of the surface during the slaughtering process. A total of 15 carcasses were split by sawing centrally down the vertebral column and left sides of split carcasses were used for analysis. Samples were collected by swabbing the surface from 4 defined parts on the interior and 4 on the exterior of carcasses from the abattoir and analyzed using an ELISA-based test. The results showed that automatic and manual spray washing decreased CNST contamination, especially on the interior ventral parts of carcass surfaces (p<0.01), but did not decrease CNST on the interior dorsal parts. Increasing washing time to 60 s did not affect the reduction of CNST contamination. Samples following spinal cord removal prior to splitting showed lower calculated levels of "risk material" than the stated limit of detection (0.1%) of the ELISA kit on interior and exterior carcass parts (p<0.01). Therefore, spinal cord removal prior to splitting could be a very effective way to minimize CNST contamination of beef carcasses.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.851-865
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• 2018

This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in slaughterhouses, and determined serovars and genotypes, and antibiotic resistance of the isolates obtained from slaughterhouses and humans in Korea. Two hundred ninety samples were collected from feces (n=136), carcasses [n=140 (cattle: n=61, swine: n=79)], and washing water (n=14) in nine slaughterhouses. Eleven human isolates were obtained from hospitals and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeria monocytogenes was enriched and identified, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Serovars and presence of virulence genes were determined, and genetic correlations among the isolates were evaluated by the restriction digest patterns of AscI. Antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates were examined against 12 different antibiotics. Of 290 slaughterhouse samples, 15 (5.17%) carcass samples were L. monocytogenes positive. Most L. monocytogenes isolates possessed all the virulence genes, while polymorphisms in the actA gene were found between carcass and human isolates. Serovars 1/2a (33.3%) and 1/2b (46.7%) were the most frequent in carcass isolates. Genetic correlations among the isolates from carcass and clinical isolates were grouped within serotypes, but there were low geographical correlations. Most L. monocytogenes isolates were antibiotic resistant, and some strains showed resistance to more than four antibiotics. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes are isolated from carcass and human in Korea, and they showed high risk serotypes and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, intensive attentions are necessary to be aware for the risk of L. monocytogenes in Korea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.238-242
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• 1998

Chicken carcass microflora were evaluated for aerobic microorganisms after defeathering, evisceration, washing, chilling, and sanitizing during a commercial chicken processing and storage at wholesale and retailsale levels. Sampling was at between December 1997, and March, 1998. Tap water washing and sanitizing with 25 ppm chlorine for 10 sec significantly (P<0.05) reduced aerobic plate counts (APC) and gram-negative bacterial counts (GNC) on chicken carcasses from a commercial chicken-processing plant. After 4 days at $2{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, APC and GNC on chicken carcasses in retailsale store rapidly increased compared to those in wholesale store (P<0.05). Chicken wings from retailsale store significantly (P<0.05) decreased generation time (GT) compared to other chicken carcasses.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2002

The growth characteristics of 5. coli O157:H7 CDFI, A. sobria CDF3 and S. aureus CDF2 isolated from surface of carcass were investigated to improve hygienic quality of beef. The total count of carcass surface before washing was higher than that of after washing. Total count of after cooling decreased about 10$^1$∼ 10$^2$/㎠ compare with before cooling. Total count of carcass surface after transfer increased regardless seasons. The growth E. coli O157:H7 CDF1 occurred at pH 4 and 6% NaCl but A. sobria CDF3 and S. aureus CDF2 did not grow at the same conditions. Although the growth of E. coli O157:H7 CDF1 and S. aureus CDF2 was inhibited by 0.3％ lactic acid, but A sobria CDF3 did not grow in TSB containing 0.3％ lactic acid. E. coli O157:H7 CDF1 grew rapidly after 3 days incubation at 10$\^{C}$ but did not grow at 4$\^{C}$. But A. sobria CDF3 grew rapidly after 3 days incubation at 4$\^{C}$. E. coli O157:H7 CDF1 and A. sobria CDF3 were destroyed by heat treatment for 3 min at 60$\^{C}$. S. aureus CDF2 did not detect after heat treatment for 2 min at 70$\^{C}$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.5
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• 2022

Many countries have imposed regulations relating to concerns that hide contamination will affect the cleanliness of abattoirs. However, South Korea has not indicated any clear criteria. The purpose of this study is to use surrogate bacteria to measure the contamination in abattoirs caused by contaminated cattle hides. The swab contact method and plate count method are used. Surrogate bacteria are found in most internal environments after the final process. These surrogates remained on the carcass even after the final washing process. This paper is the first study in South Korea that use surrogate bacteria to analyze contamination levels in abattoirs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1996

The application of HACCP system, which was adopted by Codex Alimentarius Committee for the safe meat and poultry production, is one of the urgent task for competing in the world trade markets. But there have been no useful analytical studies to identify the causes of contamination in the poultry meat processing plants in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the potential hazards during the operations by the microbiological examination for the poultry meat processing plant (20,000 birds capacity a day) located in Kangwon province. In spite of air contamination of work places, it may not directly affect the surface contamination of poultry meats. But the risk of Campylobacter jejuni/coli contamination was high. The number of total count was decreased about ten times, but remarkable changes of microbial contamination could not be recognized in each procedure during the operations. The washing water was already contaminated as much as $10^{3-6}CFU/ml$ in SPC before the operations. It means that to keep water tanks hygienic is a primary step to prevent the occurrences of microbial contamination. The overflow and recirculation of water in scalding, washing, and chilling was aslo an important factor for a hygienic control. Based on this study, the followings could be regarded as an important factors for hygenic control in the poultry slaughtering plants on a small scale. The temperature of water used for scalding should be constantly maintained on a required temperature, and the overflow rate of 1~1.5 liter per bird. The carcass surface and the body cavity should be washed thoroughly and the cross-contamination due to facilities, workers, and tools should be prevented. The chilling water sholud be maintained under 5$\circ$C of temperature with ice and overflow, and residual chlorine level of 50 ppm.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of different water temperatures and time of spray-washing on the removal of bacteria contamination from surface of pork carcass and to obtain better meat quality with high temperature stream between 60 to 90℃ for the time ranged from 10 to 60 sec. Results showed that total plate counts were significantly decreased with increasing steam temperature(P<0.05). Similar results were found with the spray time(P<0.05). The lightness(CIE L*) value was significantly increased in both loin and ham cuts over 80℃(P<0.05). Ultimate pH of muscle and water-holding capacity were decreased with increasing steam temperature(P<0.05). There was a significant difference in solubility of sarcoplasmic protein between 70℃ and 80℃ of the steam treatments with higher value at 70℃(P<0.05). Again, longer than 30 sec spray at 70℃ steam, the lightness value of pork was significantly increased(P<0.05), while pH and water-holding capacity of muscle were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Therefore, a desirable pork quality would be achieved with spray-steam washing at 70℃ for 20 sec on pork carcass.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2015

This study was performed to analyze the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic microorganisms isolated from the carcass and environments of chicken processing plant located in Gyeonggi province from October to November in 2010. Chicken slaughterhouse was visited 3 times and totally 40 samples were collected from chicken carcass before and after washing (n=14), chicken cuts (n=7), cooling water (n=8), brine (n=2), cutting knives (n=7) and working plate (n=2). Whole-chicken rinsing technique (for chicken carcasses) and swab technique (for working plate and knives) were used to analyze the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, brine and chilling water from storage tanks were gathered using sterilized tubes and used as samples. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) for whole cell fingerprinting in combination with a dedicated bioinformatic software tool was used to identify the isolated microorganisms. The pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bacillus cereus (n=8) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=9), were isolated form the chicken processing process (chicken carcasses of before and after chilling, chicken cuts, and working plate). The antimicrobial susceptibility of those isolated microorganisms was analyzed using 21 antimicrobial agents. In the case of B. cereus, it showed 100% of resistance to subclasses of penicillins and peptides, and it also resistant to cephalothin, a member of critically important antimicrobials (CIA), however there was no resistance (100% susceptible) to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. S. aureus showed 100% resistance to subclasses of peptides and some of penicillins (penicillin and oxacillin), however, it showed 100% susceptibility to cephalosporins (cefazolin and cephalothin). All of the tested pathogens showed multi drug resistance (MDR) more than 4 subclasses and one of B. cereus and S. aureus showed resistance to 9 subclasses. After the ban on using the antimicrobials in animal feed in July 2011, there would be some change in microbial distribution and antimicrobial resistance, and it still has a need to be analyzed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

To evaluate the microbiological quality of pork carcasses at different slaughtering process in large and small scale slaughtering houses, swabbing method was used to analyze microorganisms on the surface of pork belly in each process of before evisceration, after evisceration, before final wash, after final wash and in chilling. In autumn time, large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms (10²∼10³ CFU/㎠) than those of small scale slaughterhouse (10⁴∼10/sup 5/ CFU/㎠) during all processing lines. Samples from cold room of large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic cells (10² CFU/㎠) than small scale slaughterhouse (10⁴ CFU/㎠). In winter and spring time, large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms than those of small scale slaughterhouse during the slaughtering process of before evisceration, after evisceration and before final wash, except spring samples from before final wash and chilling at cold room storage in spring time. After final wash, different sampling place of carcass such as belly, ham, jowl showed the different washing effect depending on the small and large scale slaughterhouse. After final wash, ham and belly had lower aerobic cell counts, but jowl had higher aerobic cell counts than each site before final wash.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological quality of beef carcasses at different slaughtering process in large (>100 cattle/day) and small (<30 cattle/day) scale slaughtering houses. Swabbing method was used to analyze the incidence of microorganisms on brisket surface of beef carcasses in each process of after dehiding, after evisceration, before and final wash, and in cold room. In winter time, large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms (10$\^$0/∼10$^2$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$) than those of small scale slaughterhouse (10$\^$0/-10$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$) during the slaughtering process of after dehiding, evisceration and before final wash. But samples from carcasses after final wash and in cold room storage showed no difference in aerobic cell counts between large and small scale slaughterhouse. In spring time, samples showed higher incidence of microorganisms by the log scale 1 than those of winter time in both of small and large scale slaughterhouse. After final wash, different sampling place in carcass such as rump, flank, brisket showed the different washing effect in both of small and large scale slaughterhouse. After final wash, samples from rump showed lower aerobic cell counts, but samples from flank and brisket showed higher aerobic cell counts than samples from each site before final wash.