• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2009

In order to examine the effect of Injinhotang extract on the liver cancer induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in Rats. The animals were divided into three groups. The normal (Nor) group were fed basal diet. Control (Con) group were administered with NDEA (200 mg/kgb.w., i.p.) and $CCl_4$. Injinhotang extract (IJH) group treated with Injinhotang extract (260 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks after NDEA+$CCl_4$. Enzymic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels were determined in all the groups of animals. The activities of SOD were significantly increased in the Con, but the activities of catalase were decreased in the Con, but the anti-oxidative enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased in the IJH. In the immunohistochemistry observation, treatment of Injinhotang extract reduced the rates of p53 immunoreactivity. According to the electron microscopical observation, in the liver cancer cells were increased the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and dilated the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the Con compared with IJH. These results suggest that administration of Injinhotang extract suppress or retard NDEA and $CCl_4$-induced liver cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5405-5408
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• 2012

Curcumin (CM), a biphenyl compound, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression and the molecular mechanisms of several biological processes. Liver fibrosis is a major cause of hepatic dysfunction and cancer and there are few effective therapies emphasizing the need for new approaches to control. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of curcumin (CM) on liver fibrosis through modulating the expression level of miRNAs (199 and 200), the main miRNAs associated with liver fibrosis. Induction of liver fibrosis by carbon tetrachloride ($CCL_4$) was confirmed by histopathological examination. Mice were divided into 3 groups: group 1 were i.p injected with 10% $CCL_4$ twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once a week for the next 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks with olive oil only. Group 2 were i.p injected with 10% $CCL_4$ twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once a week for the next 4 weeks followed by curcumin (5 mg/mouse/day) once daily for the next 4 weeks. The third group was injected with olive oil. The expression level of miR-199 and miR-200 and some of their targeted genes were measured by real time PCR. miRNA (199 and 200) levels were significantly elevated in liver fibrotic tissues compared to control groups. Curcumin was significantly returned the expression levels of mir-199 and -200 with their associated target gene nearly to their normal levels. This is the first study that highlighted the effect of curcumin on liver fibrosis through regulation of miRNAs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 2008

Aloe vera extract was fermented by Lactobacillus casei. The ability of fermented Aloe vera (FAV) as an antioxidant to protect against $CCl_4$-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats was investigated. The rats were administered orally with various doses of FAV with 50, 100 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. For this study, we not only tested activity of various plasma enzymes (AST, ALT), which are used as indicators of liver disease, but also checked those change of liver components such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Pretreatment of FAV for two weeks significantly reduced the elevated plasma enzyme activities induced by $CCl_4$. Pretreatment of FAV also restored the hepatic enzyme, malonedialdehyde (MDA) formation. The results indicate that FAV has a protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the administration of $CCl_4$ in rats, and that the hepatoprotective effects of FAV may be due to both the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the increase of antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 1996

The effect of aqua-acupuncture of total saponin on the recovery of liver function in -intoxicated rats was exemined. Rats were divided into normal, control and three experimental groups (As-I group : aqua-acupuncture of saline to Gansu locus and Aa-III group : aqua-a-cupuncture of total saponin to blank locus at the thigh). Changes of some serum biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and ALP, total protein and albumin, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio) were determined. Serum ALT activities were increased by $CCI_{4}$T and decreased in all aqua-acupuncture groups compared with the control group. Aa-I group showed significant decrease of ALT activities on the 2nd (P<0.05) and 3rd (P<0.05) day, respectively. Aa-II group showed significant decrease on the 3rd day (P<0.05) day. Serum AST activities were increased by $CCI_{4}$T and decreased in all apua-acupuncture groups compared with the control group. Aa-I group showed significant decrease on the 1st (P<0.05), 2nd (P<0.001) and 3rd (P<0.001) day, respectively. Aa-II group showed significant decrease on the 3rd (P<0.001) day. Aa-III group showed significant decrese on the 1st (P<0.05) and 3rd (P<0.001) day, respectrvely. Serum ALP activities were increased by $CCI_{4}$T and decreased in all aqua-a-cupuncture groups compared with the control group. Aa-I group showed significant decrease on the 3rd (P<0.01) day. Total protein, albumin and A/G ratio were decreased by $CCI_{4}$T and increased in all aqua-acupuncture groups compared with control group. Aa-I group showed significant increase only on the 3rd day in albumin (P<0.01). It was thought that the aqua-acupuncture of total saponin to Gansu locus was effective on the recovery of liver function in $CCI_{4}$T-intoxicated rats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating liver protection mechanism of bear bile juice (Fel Ursi)by inducing liver toxicity through $CCl_4$ in mice and evaluated histological and serological findings. Methods : Experiment groups was categorized into untreated normal group, $CCl_4$ treated control group, and orally administered bear bile juice experiment group. At the termination of experiment, gross examination of the liver as well as histological findings, and Total protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin SGOT, SGPT, and ALP contents in the serum were evaluated. Results : 1. For gross examination and histological findings, $CCI_4$ treated control group showed destroyed lobular structure, increased fibrosis, as well as hepatic cirrhosis. For the group treated with bear bile juice, the lobular structure suffered less damage, and showed lower level of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. 2. For serum analysis, Total protein and Albumin were significantly increased in the bear bile juice experiment group than the control group. Total bilirubin and Direct bilirubin didn't show significant differences between the two groups. SOOT, SGPT, and ALP were significantly decreased in the normal and bear bile juice experiment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion : Taken together, bear bile juice can be effectively used for recovering the liver functions and further researches must be conducted to verify the efficacies of bear bile juice.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating liver protection mechanism of Moschus by inducing liver toxicity through $CCl_4$ in mice and evaluated histological and serological findings. Methods : Experiment groups was categorized into untreated normal group, $CCl_4$ treated control group, and orally administered Moschus experiment group. At the termination of experiment, gross examination of the liver as well as histological findings, and Total protein, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin SGOT, SGPT, and ALP contents in the serum were evaluated. Results : 1. For gross examination and histological findings, $CCl_4$ treated control group showed destroyed lobular structure, increased fibrosis, as well as hepatic cirrhosis. For the group treated with Moschus, the lobular structure suffered less damage, and showed lower level of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. 2. For serum analysis, Total protein were significantly increased in the Moschus experiment group than the control group. 3. Total bilirubin didn't show significant differences between the two groups. but direct bilirubin was significantly increased in the Moschus experiment group than the control group. 4. SGOT, SGPT, were significantly decreased in the normal and Moschus experiment groups compared to the control group. 5. ALP was significantly decreased in the normal group compared to the control group, but Moschus experiment group didn't show significant differences compared to the control group. Conclusion : Taken together, Moschus can be effectively used for recovering the liver functions and further researches must be conducted to verify the efficacies of Moschus bile juice.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.294-301
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of gomisin A and gomisin N, bioactive lignan components isolated from Schizandae Fructus, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$, 10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide(TBH, 0.5 mM), and D-galactosamine(GalN, 30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte(18 h culture) were treated with $CCl_4$, TBH or GalN and various concentrations(0.1, 1, 10, $100{\mu}M$) of gomisin A or gomisin N. $CCl_4$ significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase(AST). These increases were inhibited by gomisin N. TBH significantly increased the level of AST; an increase that was inhibited by gomisin N. GalN markedly increased the levels of LDH and ALT, and these increases was significantly inhibited by both gomisin A and gomisin N. These results suggest that gomisin A and gomisin N have the hepatoprotective activity.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

The purpose of present study is to observe the hepato-protective effect of ginger aqueous extracts on carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$)-induced mouse. Ginger groups received ginger aqueous extracts (500 mg/kg) orally for 3 days and given a single dose of $CCl_4$ (4 mL/kg). Silymarin group was treated with silymarin (50 mg/kg) orally for 3 days and then aministration of $CCl_4$ (4 mL/kg). Control group was only administered $CCl_4$ (4 mL/kg). In the ginger groups, the AST, ALT levels were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the control groups. Histopathological evaluation, hepatic parenchyma and kidney parenchyma of ginger groups were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that ginger aqueous extracts are able to protect the liver $CCl_4$-induced injury.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the antitumor, hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities on hot water extract of Phellinus gilvus (PGE). Growth of tumor in mice that were orally given $0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0g\;kg^{-1}$ dose of PGE was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The hepatoprotective effect of PGE in the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-intoxicated rats was studied. In $CCl_4$ + PGE group, PGE was orally administered with 100 mg/kg/day dose 7 days before the treatment of $CCl_4$. The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in $CCl_4$ + PGE group were decreased at a rate of 59.6% and 54.1% compared with those in $CCl_4$ group, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, total cholesterol and triglyceride in $CCl_4$ + PGE group were significantly decreased at a rate of 90% and 73.6% compared with those in $CCl_4$ group (p < 0.05). In the Ames test, we confirmed PGE doesn't have any activity as a mutant, and PGE showed inhibitory effect against mutagenesis induced by 2-amino fluride and sodium azide in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA1535 in a dose-dependent manner. From the above results, we may suggest that PGE might have useful as a material for functional food and/or animal pharmaceutics.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.2 s.149
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• pp.139-147
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, isolated from Curcuma longa Linne, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_4$,10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH, 0.5 mM) and D-galactosamine (GaIN,30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte (18 h culture) were treated with CCl$_4$, TBH or GaIN and various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ${\mu}$M) of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin CCl$_4$ significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The increases in LDH, ALT and AST levels were inhibited by curcumin. Demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin decreased the levels of AST. Curcumin inhibited the increases in ALT and AST levels induced by TBH. The increased levels of LDH, ALT and AST induced by TBH were inhibited by bisdemethoxycurcumin. GaIN markedly increased the levels of LDH, ALT and AST. These increases were significantly inhibited by bisdemethoxycurcumin. The increase in AST level was inhibited by curcumin. These results suggest that curcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin have potent hepatoprotective activities.