• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.364-378
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• 2014

Ecological Footprint (EF) in Korea has increased steeply over the past 50 years and, thus, the overshoot. It has been known that the main causes of the overshoot are population growth and the increase of the consumption intensity per person. In this study, the EF trend in Korea is analyzed for the past 50 years and it is found the major cause of the rapid increase of EF in Korea is the increase of the consumption intensity per person. Among the sectors of the consumption, Carbon Footprint (CF) from the energy consumption and Grazing Land Footprint and Fishing Grounds Footprint from the protein consumption are the major players for the increase. It is also found that if current trend of the EF per person would be maintained until 2060, EF in Korea would be expected to increase also continuously, despite of the decrease of the population from 2031. Therefore, the direction of the environmental management should be considered for inducing the change of the individual consumption patterns and the behavioral changes.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.277-299
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• 2014

Climate negotiations have been going on for the last two decades and the awareness for impacts of climate change has improved substantially. However, the trends of global $CO_2$ emissions did not reveal any encouraging signs, with developing countries emitting even more $CO_2$ and industrialized nations showing no signs of reducing emissions to below their 1990 levels. In order to meet the ambitious targets set by the Stern report for the next two decades, it is important to find new and path-breaking approaches to climate change. This paper attempts to analyze the use of carbon/development space historically, at present and in the future with a focus on equity. Trends analysis focuses on the last two decades (Post Rio) and the carbon budget based analysis considers a period of 1850-2050. Industrialized countries are found to have significantly overshot their budgeted allocation for the last 160 years. Both the developing and industrialized countries are overshooting the present budget estimates based on world per capita budget for the next forty years and proportional to the population of each country. It is important for the industrialized countries to bring down their emissions to meet their carbon budgets while the developing countries use their development space as a guideline for their development path. Furthermore, this paper presents aggressive and regressive scenarios for the industrialized countries to compensate for the climate debt they have created.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.307-318
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• 1988

Properties of succinate transport were examined in basolaterat membrane vesicles (BLMV) isolated from rabbit renal cortex. An inwardly directed $Na^+$ gradient stimulated succinate uptake and led to a transient overshoot. $K^+,{\;}Li^+,{\;}Rb^+$ and choline could not substitute for $Na^+$ in the uptake process. The dependence of the initial uptake rate of succinate on $Na^+$ concentration exhibited sigmoidal kinetics, indicating interaction of more than one $Na^+$ with transporter Hill coefficient for $Na^+$ was calculated to be 2.0. The $Na^+-dependent$ succinate uptake was electrogenic, resulting in the transfer of positive charge across the membrane. The succinate uptake into BLMV showed a pH optimum at external pH $7.5{\sim}8.0$, whereas succinate uptake into brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) did not depend on external pH. Kinetic analysis showed that a Na-dependent succinate uptake in BLMV occurred via a single transport system, with an apparent Km of $15.5{\pm}0.94{\;}{\mu}M$ and Vmax of $16.22{\pm}0.25{\;}nmole/mg{\;}protein/min$. Succinate uptake was strongly inhibited by $4{\sim}5$ carbon dicarboxylates, whereas monocarboxylates and other organic anions showed a little or no effect. The succinate transport system preferred dicarboxylates in trans-configuration (furmarate) over cis-dicarboxylates (maleate). Succinate uptake was inhibited by the anion transport inhibitors DIDS, SITS and furosemide, and $Na^+-coupled$ transport inhibitor harmaline. These results indicate the existence of a $Na^+-dependent$ succinate transport system in BLMV that may be shared by the other Krebs cycle intemediates. This transport system seems to be very similar to the luminal transport system for dicarboxylates.